This article focuses on the end-of-life management of bio-based products by recycling, which reduces landfilling. Bio-plastics are very important materials, due to their widespread use in various ...fields. The advantage of these products is that they primarily use renewable materials. At its end-of-life, a bio-based product is disposed of and becomes post-consumer waste. Correctly designing waste management systems for bio-based products is important for both the environment and utilization of these wastes as resources in a circular economy. Bioplastics are suitable for reuse, mechanical recycling, organic recycling, and energy recovery. The volume of bio-based waste produced today can be recycled alongside conventional wastes. Furthermore, using biodegradable and compostable bio-based products strengthens industrial composting (organic recycling) as a waste management option. If bio-based products can no longer be reused or recycled, it is possible to use them to produce bio-energy. For future effective management of bio-based waste, it should be determined how these products are currently being managed. Methods for valorizing bio-based products should be developed. Technologies could be introduced in conjunction with existing composting and anaerobic digestion infrastructure as parts of biorefineries. One option worth considering would be separating bio-based products from plastic waste, to maintain the effectiveness of chemical recycling of plastic waste. Composting bio-based products with biowaste is another option for organic recycling. For this option to be viable, the conditions which allow safe compost to be produced need to be determined and compost should lose its waste status in order to promote bio-based organic recycling.
•Two models were developed for prediction of MSW generation rates.•Models were tested with all possible statistical tools.•They can predict biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste generation ...rate.•Socioeconomic factors were considered as independent variables.•Education variable had the inverse relation with the waste generation rate.
Accurate prediction of the quantity of household solid waste generation is very much essential for effective management of municipal solid waste (MSW). In actual practice, modelling methods are often found useful for precise prediction of MSW generation rate. In this study, two models have been proposed that established the relationships between the household solid waste generation rate and the socioeconomic parameters, such as household size, total family income, education, occupation and fuel used in the kitchen. Multiple linear regression technique was applied to develop the two models, one for the prediction of biodegradable MSW generation rate and the other for non-biodegradable MSW generation rate for individual households of the city Dhanbad, India. The results of the two models showed that the coefficient of determinations (R2) were 0.782 for biodegradable waste generation rate and 0.676 for non-biodegradable waste generation rate using the selected independent variables. The accuracy tests of the developed models showed convincing results, as the predicted values were very close to the observed values. Validation of the developed models with a new set of data indicated a good fit for actual prediction purpose with predicted R2 values of 0.76 and 0.64 for biodegradable and non-biodegradable MSW generation rate respectively.
Waste composting is becoming a key element of integrated waste management. Composting has a number of advantages, including economic benefits, improvement of soil properties through the use of ...compost, reduction in the use of chemical fertilisers, and minimization of environmental pollution. Composting on a landfill surface appears to be an economical solution that can help close the waste loop and material cycle. In this study, a composting plant located on a landfill surface was analysed. The main objective of the research was to identify the species of plants growing in the organic fraction of municipal solid waste in temporary storage, in the composting plant, and in maturing compost located in a reclaimed plot at the landfill site. During monitoring, 88 plant species were identified altogether. It was observed that compost can become a source of weed infestation. To control the presence of weeds in the compost, basic principles of composting are to be followed to reduce the quantity of weed seeds. The thermophilic phase must occur to reduce the viability of seeds in the input materials and sufficient moisture must be ensured during the composting process. When these principles are strictly observed and the stored compost is maintained without vegetation, the supply of seeds in the compost will be low, and the undesirable spread of plant species to adjacent areas will be controlled. The results showed that the use of the obtained compost did not result in the propagation of weed species. This study demonstrates that composting on a reclaimed landfill offers various advantages such as a closed waste management cycle, coverage of the active landfill body, and fertilisation of the reclaimed part of the landfill.
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•Composting on the landfill surfaces can help closing the waste loop and material cycle.•Composts can become sources of weed infestation.•The thermophilic phase must occur to reduce the viability of seeds.•The input materials and moisture must be ensured during the composting process.•The obtained compost did not result in the propagation of weed species.
Nanoparticles have received much attention in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. The metal/metal oxide nanoparticles are involved in various applications, ...including drug delivery, therapy, and diagnosis. Subsequently, many hazardous chemicals and organic solvents were utilized to synthesize the metallic nanoparticles. Therefore, the green synthesis came into the limelight to overcome the economic and environmental burden. The green synthesis represents the production of nanoparticles that reduce or terminate the use of hazardous materials and solvents that encourages environmental safety. The frequently utilized green materials in numerous metallic nanoparticle syntheses include microbes, plants, fruits, and other food sources. However, the burden on global food security and limited natural resources creates distress over environmental sustainability. Thus, adopting bio-waste materials to produce highly efficient, biocompatible, economic, and eco-friendly metallic nanoparticles could support waste valorization and lead to environmental sustainability. Therefore, the present review focuses on the various bio-waste materials adopted to synthesize metal/metal oxide nanoparticles. We have thoroughly discussed the potential of chemicals-mediated metal/metal oxide nanoparticles in different drug delivery applications such as tumor targeting, brain targeting, stimuli-responsive drug release followed by large molecules delivery. Consequently, this can open a new road for researchers to explore drug delivery applications using bio-waste mediated green synthesized metallic nanoparticles. Finally, the cytotoxicity aspects of such nanoparticles are meticulously discussed compared to chemically synthesized counterparts.
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•Daily generated biowaste materials utilized to synthesize metallic nanoparticles.•It reduced the cost of metallic nanoparticles production supporting waste valorization.•The bio-waste-mediated metallic nanoparticles can be explored in drug delivery.•The cytotoxicity aspects of green metallic nanoparticles discussed compared with chemicals-based counterparts.
In Vietnam, biodegradable waste is a primary component of urban municipal solid waste, accounting for 54 - 65 % of the total waste. Aerobic composting is one of the most effective methods for ...reducing this waste as well as decarbonization, but with poor management, it is the greatest source of greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resource, there are 37 composting facilities in Vietnam, treating 16 % of the total municipal solid waste. However, the number of well-maintained facilities is decreasing over time, due to difficulties and challenges in operating and maintaining highly efficient composting. This study aimed at evaluating the current situation of composting facilities in Vietnam, evaluating the efficiency and problems in the composting facility in Hoi An City (HAC). Social and technical surveys were conducted to identify the social consensus on waste separation and to measure the performance of the Cam Ha composting facility. The results indicated that 91.95 % of HAC’s households were aware of the separation of waste since the waste segregation policy was implemented in 2012. In the composting facilities, raw materials for composting contained 40.44 % inorganic matter, showing the low efficiency in waste separation at source. 1.27 % glass and plastic debris in the composting product lowering the compost quality, raising the concern on human health and safety. This study gives an overview of Vietnam's composting situation and contributes to local decision-making related to the municipal solid waste management system toward sustainability and lowering global warming. Keywords: biodegradable waste, composting, global warming, sustainable development, solid waste management.
With the rapid population growth, the amount of waste generated is also increasing. Today, conventional methods used for waste disposal are not suitable for reusing these wastes in a way that will ...not harm the environment or obtain energy. In recent years, the energy values of wastes that may cause harmful effects on the environment have started to be taken into account and the tendency towards disposal methods that can generate energy are increasing. The Thrace Region is located in an important geographical region for Turkey, where the population is dense, industry, agriculture, and livestock activities are carried out together, and solid waste production with high energy potential is also high. In this study, the biogas potential in the Thrace Region was determined by considering animal wastes, vegetable wastes, sewage sludge, and kitchen wastes. While determining the biogas potential of the Thrace Region, the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) on a yearly basis were used. In this study, it was determined that the total biogas potential of 2010, 2015, and 2020 were 281.452 m3 /day, 341.228 m3/day, and 358.153 m3 /day, respectively. As a result, it was recommended for both the Thrace Region and our country to use biogas energy obtained by disposing of wastes both economically and ecologically, instead of depleting fossil fuels.
In order to transition from a linear to a circular economy in the organic waste management sector, more of the elements in waste need to be recycled. Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.; ...Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae (BSFL) for organic waste treatment has potential to harvest more complex molecules than conventional methods. Many organic waste substrates have high water content (>80%), but the impact on BSFL treatment efficiency of substrate water contents >80% is not known. This study evaluated the impact of high water content food waste on BSFL composting efficiency in terms of waste-to-biomass conversion ratio, material reduction, larval survival and the ventilation required for enabling dry separation of larvae from residue. In total, six water contents ranging from 76% to 97.5% were evaluated in two experimental trials. It was found that increasing water content reduced biomass conversion ratio and survival rate of the larvae, from 33.4% of volatile solids (VS) and 97.2% survival in 76% water to 17.5% of VS and 19.3% survival in 97.5% water. Furthermore, we found that the ventilation requirement for achieving dry separation of larvae from residue could be modelled by estimating the amount of water that would need to be removed, taking into account the water bound in the larvae, and knowing the specifics of the ventilation set-up of the modelled system. The findings could have implications on the waste management sector interested in implementing BSFL treatment, as the findings demonstrate that it is possible to treat wet substrates (such as fruit and vegetable wastes) without any pre-treatment other than grinding and attain an adequately dry residue for enabling dry separation of the larvae from the residue.
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•Impact of water content on fly larvae composting efficiency evaluated•Higher water content reduced process efficiency.•Possible to fly larvae treat substrates with water content 80–90%•Ventilation requirement for attaining dry residue predicted•Enables simple BSFL treatment of wet substrates such as veg & fruit peels
Municipal solid waste primarily consists of household biodegradable waste (HBW). HBW treatment is a crucial step in many countries due to rapid urbanization. Composting is an effective technique to ...treat HBW. However, conventional composting systems are unable to produce matured compost (MC), as well as releasing huge amounts of greenhouse and odorous gases. Therefore, this review attempts to suggest suitable composting system to manage HBW, role of additives and bulking agents in composting process, identify knowledge gaps and recommend future research directions. Centralized composting systems are unable to produce MC due to improper sorting and inadequate aeration for composting substrate. Recently, decentralized compost systems (DCS) are becoming more popular due to effective solid waste reduction at the household and/or community level itself, thereby reducing the burden on municipalities. Solid waste sorting and aeration for the composting substrate is easy at DCS, thereby producing MC. However, Mono-composting of HBW in DCS leads to production of immature compost and release greenhouse and odorous gases due to lower free air space and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios, and higher moisture content. Mixing HBW with additives and bulking agents in DCS resulted in a proper initial substrate for composting, allowing rapid degradation of substrate due to longer duration of thermophilic phase and produce MC within a shorter duration. However, people have lack of awareness about solid waste management is the biggest challenge. More studies are needed to eliminate greenhouse and odorous gases emissions by mixing different combinations of bulking agents and additives (mainly microbial additives) to HBW in DCS.
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•Decentralized composting systems are effective systems to treat household biodegradable waste.•Mono-composting of household biodegradable waste result in immature compost.•Longer duration of thermophilic stage decreases the composting period.•Bulking agents and additives increase the microbial count and decrease the greenhouse gas emissions, respectively.•Combined use of additives and bulking agents decrease the duration of composting and increase the maturity of compost.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a significant global concern with adverse environmental, socio-economic, and health effects. However, characterizing MSW in developing urban areas is limited. By 2030, ...global MSW is projected to reach 2.59 billion tons, with 90% being disposed of unsafely. This study aims to quantify and characterize MSW in the Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation (CCMC) in India, which generates 800–1000 tons of MSW daily. MSW data were collected using a door-to-door survey approach and sorted according to the Solid Waste Management Rules (2016). The study found that the per capita waste generation (PCG) for CCMC is 0.310 ± 0.453 kg/person/day (skewness (
γ
) = 5.69), with the highest PCG observed in the East zone with 0.365 ± 0.504 kg/person/day (
γ
= 7.88). Additionally, the study estimated the PCG based on categories, the number of persons, and different income groups. The estimated overall MSW in CCMC is 909.85 ± 1329.55 tons/day where 68.26 ± 41.25% is biodegradable waste. The study provides policymakers and waste management authorities with valuable insights to develop effective and sustainable waste management strategies for CCMC and other similar urban areas.
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