This article explores "determining gender," the umbrella term for social practices of placing others in gender categories. We draw on three case studies showcasing moments of conflict over who counts ...as a man and who counts as a woman: public debates over the expansion of transgender employment rights, policies determining eligibility of transgender people for competitive sports, and proposals to remove the genital surgery requirement for a change of sex marker on birth certificates. We show that criteria for determining gender differ across social spaces. Gender-integrated spaces are more likely to use identitybased criteria, while gender-segregated spaces, like the sexual spaces we have previously examined (Schilt and Westbrook 2009), are more likely to use biology-based criteria. In addition, because of beliefs that women are inherently vulnerable and men are dangerous, "men's" and "women's" spaces are not policed equally—making access to women's spaces central to debates over transgender rights.
This article brings together two case studies that examine how nontransgender people, "gender normals," interact with transgender people to highlight the connections between doing gender and ...heteronormativity. By contrasting public and private interactions that range from nonsexual to sexualized to sexual, the authors show how gender and sexuality are inextricably tied together. The authors demonstrate that the criteria for membership in a gender category are significantly different in social versus (hetero)sexual circumstances. While gender is presumed to reflect biological sex in all social interactions, the importance of doing gender in a way that represents the shape of one's genitals is heightened in sexual and sexualized situations. Responses to perceived failures to fulfill gender criteria in sexual and sexualized relationships are themselves gendered; men and women select different targets for and utilize gendered tactics to accomplish the policing of supposedly natural gender boundaries and to repair breaches to heteronormativity.
This study examines whether biological gender differences appear in the early stages of acquisition in the case of English dative alternation (DA) structures (double object constructions (DOCs) and ...to/for-datives). Girls have been found to show faster syntactic development when compared to boys (Lovas, 2011). In the case of the acquisition of DA, an order in the emergence and in the incidence of English DA would entail a syntactic derivational status between DOCs and to/for-datives with one being the original structure and the other the derived one (Gu, 2010). However, analogous ages of onset and fairly similar frequency rates in the production could suggest the construction of two underived structures. We investigate whether biological gender differences appear in the case of DOCs and to/for- datives. We also investigate whether the exposure to English DA (adult input) results in differences between the girls' output and the boys' output. We analyze data from seven monolingual English girls and six monolingual English boys, and the adults that interact with them, as available in CHILDES. Our findings reveal that monolingual girls and monolingual boys pattern closely in the acquisition of the syntactic non-derivational relationship between DOCs and to/for-datives, as seen in their similar emergence. Biological gender differences are not seen either in the acquisition of the additional properties of to/for- datives given their later onset and their lower incidence when compared to DOCs. These production patterns also correlate with the frequency with which these structures are heard in the adult input. Keywords: biological gender; double object; to/for-dative; emergence; adult input.
Low-resource languages, like Malay, face the threat of extinction when linguistic resources become scarce. This paper addresses the scarcity issue by contributing to the inventory of low-resource ...languages, specifically focusing on Malay-English, known as Manglish. Manglish speakers are primarily located in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and Singapore. As global adoption of second languages and social media usage increases, language code-switching, such as Spanglish and Chinglish, becomes more prevalent. In the case of Malay-English, this phenomenon is termed Manglish. To enhance the status of the Malay language and its transition out of the low-resource category, this unique text corpus, with binary annotations for biological gender and anonymized author identities is presented. This bi-annotated dataset offers valuable applications for various fields, including the investigation of cyberbullying, combating gender bias, and providing targeted recommendations for gender-specific products. This corpus can be used with either of the annotations or their composite. The dataset comprises of posts from 50 Malaysian public figures, equally split between biological males and females. The dataset contains a total of 709,012 raw X posts (formerly Twitter), with a relatively balanced distribution of 53.72% from biological female authors and 46.28% from biological male authors. Twitter API was used to scrape the posts. After pre-processing, the total posts reduced to 650,409 posts, widening the gap between the genders with the 56.88% for biological female and 43.12% for biological male. This dataset is a valuable resource for researchers in the field of Malay-English code-switching Natural Language Processing (NLP) and can be used to train or enhance existing and future Manglish language transformers.
Identifying the biological gender of authors based on the content of their written work is a crucial task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Accurate biological gender identification finds ...numerous applications in fields such as linguistics, sociology, and marketing. However, achieving high accuracy in identifying the biological gender of the author is heavily dependent on the quality of the collected data and its proper splitting. Therefore, determining the best-performing model necessitates experimental evaluation. This study aimed to develop and evaluate four learning algorithms for biological gender identification in news texts. To this end, a comprehensive dataset, IAG-TNKU, was created from a Turkish newspaper, comprising 43,292 news articles. Four models utilizing popular machine learning algorithms, including Naive Bayes and Random Forest, and two deep learning algorithms, Long Short Term Memory and Convolutional Neural Networks, were developed and evaluated rigorously. The results indicated that the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm outperformed the other three models, exhibiting an exceptional accuracy of 88.51%. This model's outstanding performance underpins the importance of utilizing innovative deep learning algorithms for biological gender identification tasks in NLP. The present study contributes to extant literature by developing a new dataset for biological gender identification in news texts and evaluating four machine learning algorithms. Our findings highlight the significance of utilizing innovative techniques for biological gender identification tasks. The dataset and deep learning algorithm can be applied in many areas such as sociolinguistics, marketing research, and journalism, where the identification of biological gender in written content plays a pivotal role.
Gender archaeology has made significant strides toward deconstructing the hegemony of binary categorizations. Challenging dichotomies such as man/woman, sex/gender, and biology/culture, approaches ...informed by poststructuralist, feminist, and queer theories have moved beyond essentialist and universalist identity constructs to more nuanced configurations. Despite the theoretical emphasis on context, multiplicity, and fluidity, binary starting points continue to streamline the spectrum of variability that is recognized, often reproducing normative assumptions in the evidence. The contributors to this special issue confront how sex, gender, and sexuality categories condition analytical visibility, aiming to develop approaches that respond to the complexity of theory in archaeological practice. The papers push the ontological and epistemological boundaries of bodies, personhood, and archaeological possibility, challenging a priori assumptions that contain how sex, gender, and sexuality categories are constituted and related to each other. Foregrounding intersectional approaches that engage with ambiguity, variability, and difference, this special issue seeks to "de-contain" categories, assumptions, and practices from "binding" our analytical gaze toward only certain kinds of persons and knowledges, in interpretations of the past and practices in the present.
Purpose: determine the gender characteristics of athletes and athletes who engage in speed-strength sports. Material & Methods. The study involved 87 male athletes and female athletes aged from 17 to ...31 years of different sports who are trained at the Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture and specialize in speed-strength sports. Among the examined were 34 girls and 53 boys. Such research methods were used as: analysis and generalization of literary sources and Internet resources on the investigated problem; psychological methods: S. Bam's “Masculinity / Femininity” technique and Kettell's 16-factor questionnaire; methods of mathematical statistics. Results: a group of speed-strength sports was examined from the point of view of their influence on the formation of gender identity, and gender similarities and gender differences were identified among male athletes and female athletes who specialize in weightlifting, powerlifting, speed-strength types of athletics, weight-lifting and armwrestling, bodybuilding. Among young men, the ratio of masculine and androgynous athletes is respectively 55:45%. Girls – 74:26%. There are almost 3 times more masculine girls in speed-strength types than androgynous athletes and almost 1.5 times more than masculine athletes. Weightlifting (78%) and powerlifting (80%) have the greatest influence on the process of masculinization of athletes. The similarities and differences between masculine and androgynous boys and girls are revealed, taking into account their personal qualities. Conclusions: the identity of the person is formed throughout life and sports activity is one of the factors that affects its formation. Regarding the total number of subjects (n=87), it was found that in speed-strength sports there are more athletes (55%) and female athletes (74%) of the masculine type than the androgynous type. No feminine boys and girls were identified during the study. It has been established that speed-strength sports contribute to masculinization of both boys and girls, but the masculinization of athletes who are involved in weightlifting (78%) and powerlifting (80%) is more pronounced than in boys. It was found that the high sports qualifications of athletes (67%) and athletes (79%) contribute to the formation of a masculine personality type in them. When analyzing the personal qualities of masculine and androgynous boys and masculine and androgynous girls, more similarities were found between them than differences. In athletes, differences were revealed only in one factor “subordination – dominance”, and in athletes – in two “common intelligence” and “stiffness – sensitivity”.
In this essay I use the case of Caster Semenya, a South African sprinter forced to undergo gender verification testing in 2008, as a point of entry for looking at the role that race and nation have ...historically played in the production and reproduction of the concept of intersex. I examine feminist scholars’ previous work on Semenya in order to highlight how their inattention to issues of race and nation made them unable to see the ways in which intersex—as a classificatory schema, an object of knowledge, and a technology of subject formation—contains within it a racially exclusive impulse. The essay examines the production and reproduction of the idea of intersex in two locations—the United States and South Africa—during three different time periods in order to show how ideas about race were written into the subject from its earliest conception. A number of other scholars have argued that intersex has played a key role in the production of ontological gender. I take this work a step further by showing how the issues of race and nation have factored into both the historical production and reproduction of intersex and, through that, have come to exert a powerful but hidden effect on gender as an object of analysis and conceptual tool.
Gender is perhaps the most pervasive, fundamental, and universally accepted way we separate and categorize human beings. Yet in recent years, U.S. courts and administrative state agencies have ...confronted a growing challenge from individuals demanding to have their gender reclassified. Transgender people create a profound category crisis for social institutions built on the idea that biological sex is both immutable and dichotomous. During the past four decades, the central legal question shifted from how to allocate specific individuals to categories to the permeability of gender categories themselves. This analysis of 38 judicial gender determinations provides a glimpse of the literal construction of the gender order and of the ways institutions gender individuals. It also provides powerful evidence that cultural anxieties about reproduction and the heterosexual, conjugal family underscore institutional efforts to manage the uncertainty of postmodern gender identities.
Correlates and consequences of newspaper accounts of research on sex differences were examined. In Study 1, articles from high-circulation newspapers were coded for the degree to which biological ...factors were used to explain sex differences. Results showed that political conservatism and traditional attitudes toward gender roles coded from other newspaper sections predicted greater use of biological explanations than did political liberalism and less traditional attitudes toward gender roles. In Studies 2 and 3, participants read a fictional newspaper article reporting research on a gender difference that cited either biological or sociocultural factors as explaining the difference. Results showed that exposure to biological explanations significantly increased participants' endorsement of gender stereotypes. Moreover, exposure to social explanations significantly increased participants' belief in the mutability of human behavior. Together, these studies show that political ideology influences how the popular press reports research findings and that such reporting in turn affects readers's beliefs and attitudes.
PDF
