Objective To study the effect of slow-release fertilizer (SLF) N/P ratio and loading on the growth of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Phoebe chekiangensis and Cinnamomum chekiangense.Method In this ...study, with two factors of N/P ratio (1.75:1, 2.25:1, 2.75:1 and 3.25:1) and SLF loading (1.5 kg·m-3, 2.5 kg·m-3, 3.5 kg·m-3 and 4.5 kg·m-3), a factorial experimental design was applied to study the Growth (seedling height, root diameter and biomass accumulation), growth rhythm and SPAD of two-year-old container seedlings of the three species.Result The growth and SPAD value of the container seedlings (two-year-old) of the 3 species as affected by N/P ratio and SLF loading were different. The biomass accumulation and root-shoot ratio of T. wallichiana var. mairei, Ph. chekiangensis and C. chekiangense varied slightly in N/P ratio. With the increase of N/P ratio, the growth of Ph. chekiangensis was promoted, but the growth of T. wallichiana var. mairei was inhibited. The effect of SRF on the growth and biomass
Display omitted
•Review the existing knowledge on the biochar properties and its future perspectives;•Biochar derived from physic-chemical and bio-engineering techniques from feedstock’s;•Different ...modification technologies were mentioned in this review;•Modified biochar had better function in application compared with original biochar;•Providing cumulative information for environmental application of biochar.
This review focuses on a holistic view of biochar, production from feedstock’s, engineering production strategies, its applications and future prospects. This article reveals a systematic emphasis on the continuation and development of biochar and its production methods such as Physical engineering, chemical and bio-engineering techniques. In addition, biochar alternatives such as nutrient formations and surface area made it a promising cheap source of carbon-based products such as anaerobic digestion, gasification, and pyrolysis, commercially available wastewater treatment, carbons, energy storage, microbial fuel cell electrodes, and super-capacitors repair have been reviewed. This paper also covers the knowledge blanks of strategies and ideas for the future in the field of engineering biochar production techniques and application as well as expand the technology used in the circular bio-economy.
Bio-oils derived from lignocellulosic materials have poor properties for use as fuels and cannot be blended with transportation fuels. Hydrotreating is an effective method for eliminating ...contaminants and saturating double bonds. This article is one of the few that report the hydrotreatment of a biomass-derived oil over a sulfided NiMo/ gamma -Al sub(2)O sub(3) catalyst and the deactivation of the catalyst. The results confirm that hydrotreatment is an effective technology for improving the quality of bio-oil. The total acid number of the upgraded bio-oil decreased from 23 mg KOH g super(-1) (raw bio-oil) to 2 mg KOH g super(-1). Oxygenated functional groups are removed, light liquid products are generated and carbon double bonds are saturated. The catalyst can become deactivated at a high operating temperature due to severe coke deposition. The deactivated catalyst was studied by using multiple analytical methods such as TEM, XRD, BET and TPO to study the deactivation pathways.
The world is currently faced with two significant problems: fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation, which are continuously being exacerbated due to increasing global energy consumption. ...As a substitute for petroleum, renewable fuels have been receiving increasing attention due a variety of environmental, economic, and societal benefits. The first-generation biofuels - ethanol from sugar or corn and biodiesel from vegetable oils - are already on the market. The goal of thisbook is to introduce readers to second-generation biofuels obtained from non-food biomass, such as forest residue, agricultural residue, switch grass, corn stover, waste wood, municipal solid wastes, and so on. Various technologies are discussed, including cellulosic ethanol, biomass gasification, synthesis of diesel and gasoline, bio-crude by hydrothermal liquefaction, bio-oil by fast pyrolysis, and the upgradation of biofuel. This book strives to serve as a comprehensive document presenting various technological pathways and environmental and economic issues related to biofuels.
Biomass has been recognised as a promising resource for future energy and fuels. The biomass, originated from plants, is renewable and application of its derived energy and fuels is close to ...carbon-neutral by considering that the growing plants absorb CO2 for photosynthesis. However, the complex physical structure and chemical composition of the biomass significantly hinder its conversion to gaseous and liquid fuels.
This paper reviews recent advances in biomass thermochemical conversion technologies for energy, liquid fuels and chemicals. Combustion process produces heat or heat and power from the biomass through oxidation reactions; however, this is a mature technology and has been successfully applied in industry. Therefore, this review will focus on the remaining three thermochemical processes, namely biomass pyrolysis, biomass thermal liquefaction and biomass gasification. For biomass pyrolysis, biomass pretreatment and application of catalysts can simplify the bio-oil composition and retain high yield. In biomass liquefaction, application of appropriate solvents and catalysts improves the liquid product quality and yield. Gaseous product from biomass gasification is relatively simple and can be further processed for useful products. Dual fluidised bed (DFB) gasification technology using steam as gasification agent provides an opportunity for achieving high hydrogen content and CO2 capture with application of appropriate catalytic bed materials. In addition, multi-staged gasification technology, and integrated biomass pyrolysis and gasification as well as gasification for poly-generation have attracted increasing attention.
•The challenges are related to biomass physical and chemical properties.•Pretreatment and catalytic pyrolysis can improve bio-oil quality and yield.•Supercritical one-step upgrading of bio-oil has potential for heavy engine fuel.•Solvents and catalyst in biomass liquefaction can simplify liquid composition.•New gasification technologies provide a promising opportunity.
Modernized biomass gasification for power generation has attracted increasing interests as an attempt to reduce our reliance on fossil fuel. In fact, over the past couple of years, a lot of RD&D has ...gone into overcoming the technical hurdles of biomass gasification mainly producing clean gas which is free of particulates and tars bed agglomeration and biomass feeding/handling. This book offers engineers and scientist a hands-on reference for understanding and successfully overcoming these hurdles. In this book, readers find a versatile resource that not only explains the basic principles of energy conversion and biomass conversion systems but also provides valuable insight into the design of biomass gasifiers. Thorough in his coverage, the author provides many worked out design problems, step-by-step design procedures, and real data on commercially operating systems. In addition, the book contains valuable appendices that eliminate the need to search for essential information.
Display omitted
•The advances in the biofuel generation using lignocellulosic biomass is discussed in detail.•Different pre-treatment methods used for biofuel production are reviewed.•Pretreated and ...ideal feedstock has less recalcitrance for biofuel production.•Genetic and metabolic engineering approaches for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass are addressed.
Many countries in the world are facing the demand for non-renewable fossil fuels because of overpopulation and economic boom. To reduce environmental pollution and zero carbon emission, the conversion of biomass into biofuels has paid better attention and is considered to be an innovative approach. A diverse raw material has been utilized as feedstock for the production of biofuel, depending on the availability of biomass, cost-effectiveness, and their geographic location. Among the different raw materials, lignocellulosic biomass has fascinated many researchers around the world. The current review discovers the potential application of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of biofuels. Various pretreatment methods have been widely used to increase the hydrolysis rate and accessibility of biomass. This review highlights recent advances in pretreatment methodologies for the enhanced production of biofuels. Detailed descriptions of the mechanism of biomass processing pathway, optimization, and modeling study have been discussed.
Aspects related to the growing pollution of the natural environment and depletion of conventional fossil fuels have become the motive for searching for ecofriendly, renewable, and sustainable ...alternative energy sources. Particular attention is paid to industrial waste, especially waste of biomass materials, which can be converted into biofuels and energy that meets the growing needs of humanity. The use of biomass for energy purposes is less damaging to the environment, the materials are low-cost, locally available in large quantities, and create employment opportunities for workers in suburban and rural areas around the world. This article discusses issues related to the use of waste biomass materials as renewable energy sources. The current energy situation in the world is analyzed in terms of production, consumption, and investments in green energy. Types of biomass and individual physicochemical and energy properties of waste plant materials obtained for energy purposes are described. Currently available methods of converting biomass into energy, including mechanical, thermal, and biochemical techniques are discussed. The conducted analysis indicates the possibility of using it as a competitive source of electricity and heat. Understanding the properties of biomass materials allows us to understand the right way to use them for energy and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in the future.
