•Temperature fluctuations affect thermal noises of large-volume Seebeck calorimeters.•A reference cell considerably smaller than the sample cell is introduced.•Thermal signals from both cells exhibit ...a convolution relationship.•The response function is obtained through the bath-temperature change.•The noise of large-volume calorimeter is canceled out by the convolution method.
Ambient temperature fluctuations can affect the thermal noise and sensitivity of a large-volume Seebeck calorimeter. This paper proposes that a reference cell considerably smaller than the sample cell in the apparatus can effectively neutralize this noise. It is found that the thermal signals from both the reference and sample cells exhibit a convolution relationship. By deconvolving two distinct thermal pulses generated by abrupt changes in cooling fluid temperature, one from the reference cell and one from the sample cell, a corresponding response function is derived. And using this function, the noise is canceled out by subtracting the convoluted signal of the reference cell from that of the sample cell during isothermal calorimetry. Experimentally, utilizing this technique with two calorimeters, one with a 17.6-liter capacity and the other with a 27-liter capacity, has been shown to reduce noise by at least 5 % and 6 % from their initial values, respectively.
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A few-degree calorimeter for the future electron-ion collider Arratia, Miguel; Milton, Ryan; Paul, Sebouh J. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
June 2024, 2024-06-01, Letnik:
1063, Številka:
C
Journal Article
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Measuring the region 0.1<Q2<1.0 GeV2 is essential to support searches for gluon saturation at the future Electron-Ion Collider. Recent studies have revealed that covering this region at the highest ...beam energies is not feasible with current detector designs, resulting in the so-called Q2 gap. In this work, we present a design for the Few-Degree Calorimeter (FDC), which addresses this issue. The FDC uses SiPM-on-tile technology with tungsten absorber and covers the range of −4.6<η<−3.6. It offers fine transverse and longitudinal granularity, along with excellent time resolution, enabling standalone electron tagging. Our design represents the first concrete solution to bridge the Q2 gap at the EIC.
•The enthalpy of UO2, MOX (Pu = 0.18 and 0.45), and PuO2 were measured up to 2200 K by drop calorimetry.•The enthalpy increased almost linearly with increasing temperature of ∼2000 K. At >2000 K, the ...enthalpy increased significantly.•The heat capacity was evaluated by calculating the temperature differential of the enthalpy.•The heat capacity was the largest for 45 %Pu–MOX although the differences were negligibly small.
The heat capacity of oxide nuclear fuels in high-temperature regions, which is critical for evaluating fuel thermal performance, requires extended studies due to disagreements in the literature. Furthermore, mixed-oxide (MOX) and PuO2 data are scarce compared with UO2 data, making it challenging to understand the dependence of Pu content on the properties. Herein, we measured the UO2, MOX, and PuO2 enthalpies up to 2200 K by drop calorimetry. The heat capacity was evaluated by calculating the temperature differential of the enthalpy data. The obtained enthalpy and heat capacity increased almost linearly with the increasing temperature <2000 K and continued to increase significantly at 2000–2200 K. Additionally, heat capacity behavior at higher temperatures, having a peak known as the Bredig transition, is discussed.
Para-toluene sulfonic acid is a typical intermediary for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes and is a catalyst for organic synthesis. The consumption of para-toluene sulfonic acid ...used in organic synthesis has increased substantially. The toluene sulfonation process is the central path for synthesizing para-toluene sulfonic acid in China. However, the process has risks and has resulted in numerous disasters. This study utilized a reaction calorimeter 1 to reproduce the commercial toluene sulfonation process in a laboratory. The para-toluene sulfonic acid product was examined with an accelerating rate calorimeter and through differential scanning calorimetry. Both differential and integral isoconversional methods were used to determine the thermal stability of and appropriate thermokinetic models for para-toluene sulfonic acid. The safety parameters of para-toluene sulfonic acid were estimated. The research findings can be used for optimization of the toluene sulfonation process and for safe handling of para-toluene sulfonic acid.
•The thermal hazards of toluene sulfonation process and its product were scrutinized.•Key parameters for safety diagram were calculated.•The SADT values of para-toluene sulfonic acid was determined.•Different isoconversional methods were used to evaluate and expound the thermal stability of para-toluene sulfonic acid.
We present a design for a high-granularity calorimeter insert for future experiments at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The sampling-calorimeter design uses scintillator tiles read out with silicon ...photomultipliers. It maximizes coverage close to the beampipe, while solving challenges arising from the beam-crossing angle and mechanical integration. It yields a compensated response that is linear over the energy range of interest for the EIC. Its energy resolution meets the requirements set in the EIC Yellow Report even with a basic reconstruction algorithm. Moreover, this detector will provide 5D shower data (position, energy, and time), which can be exploited with machine-learning techniques. This detector concept has the potential to unleash the power of imaging calorimetry at the EIC to enable measurements at extreme kinematics in electron–proton and electron–nucleus collisions.
The technological prototype of the CALICE highly granular silicon–tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) was tested in a beam at DESY in 2017. The setup comprised seven layers of silicon ...sensors. Each layer comprised four sensors, with each sensor containing an array of 256 5.5×5.5 mm2 silicon PIN diodes. The four sensors covered a total area of 18 × 18 cm and comprised a total of 1024 channels. The readout was split into a trigger line and a charge signal line. Key performance results for signal over noise for the two output lines are presented, together with a study of the uniformity of the detector response. Measurements of the response to electrons for the tungsten loaded version of the detector are also presented.
Methods are described for measuring the energy released by a Li-ion battery in thermal runaway. A calorimetry technique is described to measure the exothermic energy released during thermal runaway. ...The technique uses the battery as a calorimeter with temperature and mass loss measurements to analyze the energetics. Runaway is induced by heating of the battery. Only one battery is investigated over a range of heating power and state of charge (SOC). The dynamics of the battery are investigated including time events, temperature, mass lost and energies. The total energy in runaway is manifested by the internal energy stored in the battery and the enthalpy of the ejected mass. Combustion of the ejected gases is described by a technique using the Cone Calorimeter. Results are reported. Both of these techniques are considered less desireable because of the rapid release of energy therefore two new techniques are proposed. The technique of Lyon&Walters using a standard Bomb Calorimeter with nitrogen instead of oxygen to measure the runaway exothermic energy, and measurement of the resulting ejected gas composition to measure the combustion energy.
Here we advance the concept of high-granularity calorimeters with staggered tessellations, underscoring the effectiveness of a design incorporating multifold staggering cycles based on hexagonal ...cells to enhance position resolution. Moreover, we introduce HEXPLIT, a sub-cell re-weighting algorithm tailored to harness staggered designs, resulting in additional performance improvements. By combining our proposed staggered design with HEXPLIT, we achieve an approximately twofold enhancement in position resolution for neutrons across a wide energy range, as compared to unstaggered designs. These findings hold the potential to elevate particle-flow performance across various forthcoming facilities.
Blast furnace slag (SL) is an amorphous calcium aluminosilicate material that exhibits both pozzolanic and latent hydraulic activities. It has been successfully used to reduce the heat of hydration ...in mass concrete. However, SL currently available in the market generally experiences pre-treatment to increase its reactivity to be closer to that of portland cement. Therefore, using such pre-treated SL may not be applicable for reducing the heat of hydration in mass concrete. In this work, the adiabatic and semi-adiabatic temperature rise of concretes with 20% and 40% SL (mass replacement of cement) containing calcium sulfate were investigated. Isothermal calorimetry and thermal analysis (TGA) were used to study the hydration kinetics of cement paste at 23 and 50 °C. Results were compared with those with control cement and 20% replacements of silica fume, fly ash, and metakaolin. Results obtained from adiabatic calorimetry and isothermal calorimetry testing showed that the concrete with SL had somewhat higher maximum temperature rise and heat release compared to other materials, regardless of SL replacement levels. However, there was a delay in time to reach maximum temperature with increasing SL replacement level. At 50 °C, a significant acceleration was observed for SL, which is more likely related to the pozzolanic reaction than the hydraulic reaction. Semi-adiabatic calorimetry did not show a greater temperature rise for the SL compared to other materials; the differences in results between semi-adiabatic and adiabatic calorimetry are important and should be noted. Based on these results, it is concluded that the use of blast furnace slag should be carefully considered if used for mass concrete applications.
Several future Higgs factories are planned for the precision Higgs physics to search for the new physics. The highly granular calorimeters play a crucial role on the precision Higgs measurement. The ...highly granular Sc-ECAL is based on a scintillator strip readout by a SiPM to realize the 5 mm × 5 mm cell size by aligning the strips orthogonally in x–y configuration. In order to demonstrate the performance of the Sc-ECAL and the scalability to the full-scale detector, the technological prototype has been developed with full 30 layers. The per-channel calibrations and performance demonstration are successfully done by the long-term commissioning tests with LED and cosmic-ray. This article describes the results of the commissioning tests where excellent performance of the prototype has been successfully demonstrated.
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