The BM@N spectrometer at the NICA accelerator complex Afanasiev, S.; Aleksandrov, E.; Aleksandrov, I. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
August 2024, 2024-08-00, Letnik:
1065
Journal Article
Recenzirano
BM@N (Baryonic Matter at Nuclotron) is the first experiment operating and taking data at the Nuclotron/NICA ion-accelerating complex. The aim of the BM@N experiment is to study interactions of ...relativistic heavy-ion beams with fixed targets. We present a technical description of the BM@N spectrometer including all its subsystems.
Blast furnace slag (SL) is an amorphous calcium aluminosilicate material that exhibits both pozzolanic and latent hydraulic activities. It has been successfully used to reduce the heat of hydration ...in mass concrete. However, SL currently available in the market generally experiences pre-treatment to increase its reactivity to be closer to that of portland cement. Therefore, using such pre-treated SL may not be applicable for reducing the heat of hydration in mass concrete. In this work, the adiabatic and semi-adiabatic temperature rise of concretes with 20% and 40% SL (mass replacement of cement) containing calcium sulfate were investigated. Isothermal calorimetry and thermal analysis (TGA) were used to study the hydration kinetics of cement paste at 23 and 50 °C. Results were compared with those with control cement and 20% replacements of silica fume, fly ash, and metakaolin. Results obtained from adiabatic calorimetry and isothermal calorimetry testing showed that the concrete with SL had somewhat higher maximum temperature rise and heat release compared to other materials, regardless of SL replacement levels. However, there was a delay in time to reach maximum temperature with increasing SL replacement level. At 50 °C, a significant acceleration was observed for SL, which is more likely related to the pozzolanic reaction than the hydraulic reaction. Semi-adiabatic calorimetry did not show a greater temperature rise for the SL compared to other materials; the differences in results between semi-adiabatic and adiabatic calorimetry are important and should be noted. Based on these results, it is concluded that the use of blast furnace slag should be carefully considered if used for mass concrete applications.
Several future Higgs factories are planned for the precision Higgs physics to search for the new physics. The highly granular calorimeters play a crucial role on the precision Higgs measurement. The ...highly granular Sc-ECAL is based on a scintillator strip readout by a SiPM to realize the 5 mm × 5 mm cell size by aligning the strips orthogonally in x–y configuration. In order to demonstrate the performance of the Sc-ECAL and the scalability to the full-scale detector, the technological prototype has been developed with full 30 layers. The per-channel calibrations and performance demonstration are successfully done by the long-term commissioning tests with LED and cosmic-ray. This article describes the results of the commissioning tests where excellent performance of the prototype has been successfully demonstrated.
Experiments have been conducted on a variety of lithium ion batteries to measure their energy output in thermal runaway. Techniques were developed to measure the internal energy release as ...decomposition of the battery takes place, and combustion energy that can arise from ignited battery gases released in runaway. A nitrogen bomb calorimeter was designed, constructed and utilized to measure the internal energy in runaway. Three techniques were examined for measuring the combustion energy: (1) the Cone Calorimeter, (2) the Oxygen Bomb, and (3) the using a Gas Chromatograph to measure combustion species. The results from these measurement techniques are discussed and compared to the literature for similar batteries. Results generally show for 18650 batteries that the energies in runaway depend on chemistry, decomposition tends to increase with the SOC and can exceed its electric energy by 2-times, while combustion energy can reach 6-times.
•The model of solid body calorimeter of arbitrary form with one automatically operated adiabatic jacket was considered. It was shown that heat equivalent of calorimeter did not depend on form of ...temperature dependence. It depends on location of heat source, thermometer location, heat exchanging conditions and parameters of regulation. The heat equivalent for thermometer located on calorimeter surface differed from one located at radius r = 0.5 R by 0.2%.
The general model of solid body calorimeters (uniform solid body of arbitrary form) with one automatically operated adiabatic jacket was considered for the first time. The problem was to understand if there was general relationship between heat and temperature rise when calorimeter had essential temperature gradients and surrounded one automatically operated adiabatic jacket.
It was shown that it was linear relation and proportionality coefficient (heat equivalent of calorimeter) did not depend on form of temperature dependence in main period but depend on (i) location of heat source; (ii) thermometer location; (iii) heat exchanging conditions and parameters of regulation. Experimental checking of theoretical considerations showed that under the same heat exchanging conditions and parameters of regulation, the heat equivalent of calorimeter for thermometer located on calorimeter surface differed from heat equivalent of calorimeter for thermometer located at radius r = 0.5 R by 0.2%.
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. This sampling device is made of steel plates acting as absorber and scintillating tiles as ...active medium. The wavelength-shifting fibers collect the light from scintillators and carry it to the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The analogue signals from the PMTs are amplified, shaped and digitized by sampling the signal every 25 ns and stored on detector until a trigger decision is received. The TileCal front-end electronics read out the signals produced by 9852 channels, whose dynamic range covers the interval from 30 MeV to 2 TeV. Each stage of the signal propagation from scintillation light to the signal reconstruction is monitored and calibrated. During LHC Run-2, high-momentum isolated muons and isolated hadrons have been used to study and validate the electromagnetic scale and the hadronic response, respectively. The time resolution was studied with multi-jet events. Results of performance studies that address calibration, stability, energy scale, uniformity and time resolution are presented.
The barrel calorimeter is part of the new spectrometer installed in Hall D at Jefferson Lab for the GlueX experiment. The calorimeter was installed in 2013, commissioned in 2014 and has been ...operating routinely since early 2015. The detector configuration, associated Monte Carlo simulations, calibration and operational performance are described herein. The calorimeter records the time and energy deposited by charged and neutral particles created by a multi-GeV photon beam. It is constructed as a lead and scintillating-fiber calorimeter and read out with 3840 large-area silicon photomultiplier arrays. Particles impinge on the detector over a wide range of angles, from normal incidence at 90 degrees down to 11.5 degrees, which defines a geometry that is fairly unique among calorimeters. The response of the calorimeter has been measured during a running experiment and performs as expected for electromagnetic showers below 2.5 GeV. We characterize the performance of the BCAL using the energy resolution integrated over typical angular distributions for π0 and η production of σE∕E=5.2%∕E(GeV)⊕3.6% and a timing resolution of σ=150ps at 1 GeV.
During summer and fall 2004, the response of a full slice of the ATLAS barrel detector to different particles was studied in controlled beam. One module of the ATLAS liquid argon barrel ...calorimeter—identical to the production modules and read out by the final front-end and back-end electronics—was used for electromagnetic calorimetry. This paper presents and discusses the electron performance of the LAr barrel calorimeter, including linearity, uniformity, and resolution with different amounts of material upstream the calorimeter and energies ranging from 1 to 250
GeV.
This work summarizes neutronic calculations performed for the CALORRE differential calorimeter specifically designed by Aix Marseille University to inform the irradiation campaign planning for ...testing in MITR within the framework of the CALOR-I research program. MCNP software was used to predict the neutron and gamma flux spectrum, and total nuclear heating rate to the components of the calorimeter in a variety of positions. Results were compared to evaluate spatial bias, core loading effects, optimization for axial position, and provide input data for thermal multi-physics modelling.
The super Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment (sPHENIX) at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider will perform high-precision measurements of jets and heavy flavor observables for a ...wide selection of nuclear collision systems, elucidating the microscopic nature of strongly interacting matter ranging from nucleons to the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma. A prototype of the sPHENIX calorimeter system was tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility as experiment T-1044 in the spring of 2016. The electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal) prototype is composed of scintillating fibers embedded in a mixture of tungsten powder and epoxy. The hadronic calorimeter (HCal) prototype is composed of tilted steel plates alternating with the plastic scintillator. Results of the test beam reveal the energy resolution for electrons in the EMCal is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">2.8\%\oplus 15.5\%/\sqrt {E} </tex-math></inline-formula> and the energy resolution for hadrons in the combined EMCal plus HCal system is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">13.5\%\oplus 64.9\%/\sqrt {E} </tex-math></inline-formula>. These results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed calorimeter system satisfies the sPHENIX specifications.
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