Designing for Digital Transformation Majchrzak, Ann; Markus, M. Lynne; Wareham, Jonathan
MIS quarterly,
06/2016, Letnik:
40, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Abstract In recent times, owing to the rapid growth of technologies and their significant impacts on economic, political and social spheres as well as the changing expectations of citizens, digital ...transformation in the public sector has become an imperative need. Governments act as the guardians of the society in harnessing and benefiting from digital transformation. However, despite this, there are challenges confronting the government that hinder it from playing such a role. According to the literature review and the lack of a comprehensive framework of the challenges of digital transformation in Iran's public sector, this study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the challenges facing Iran's public sector in establishing digital transformation. In this study, the qualitative content analysis method was employed to collect data and extract expert opinions from semi-structured interviews with 40 information technology specialists. Based on the findings, the challenges of digital transformation in Iran's government organizations can be categorized into four types: hardware challenges (information technology infrastructure and financial infrastructure), software challenges (digital governance and the culture of digital transformation), human challenges (competencies of digital transformation custodians and digital citizenship competencies) and ecosystem challenges (ecosystem interactions and ecosystem capacity). This framework can be utilized by theorists and researchers as a guide for future studies on digital transformation in the public sector and provide useful guidelines for policymakers and government managers.IntroductionIn the last few years, the emergence of digital technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and machine learning has caused an unprecedented transformation in the government, industry and society. Industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0 have led governments to use technologies to improve services and the quality of public administration, and the governance process of societies in the digital age has changed significantly. Today, citizens expect services to be provided to them with speed, agility, flexibility and minimum cost. As a result, it is very important that the government has the ability to provide better services in the shortest time to the citizens in any geographical area. Therefore, government organizations as the executive arm of national governance should be in line with the needs and demands of citizens in search of new methods that bring continuous innovation in providing public services to citizens. One of these methods is the implementation of digital transformation, or in other words, the transition from the current electronic government to the digital government, which can be a way out of the current situation and a way to provide better public services.Today, any government that wants to move towards the realization of good governance must be equipped with a powerful tool such as digital government, the realization of which requires the implementation of digital transformation in the public sector. Unlike digitization, which focuses on the digitalization of services, digital transformation refers to the fundamental redesign and revision of public policies, processes, and services in order to create better value and user experiences Digital transformation helps governments to provide services that even in an era of challenges such as budget constraints, income inequality and geopolitical instability; It meets the changing expectations of citizens and businesses and also enables citizens to expand their interactions with governments, which ultimately can lead to increasing the resilience of a country's social and economic system. In this regard, digital government has received attention in all parts of the world and almost all developed countries have welcomed digital government policies and made technological innovations.Case study In Iran, measures in this direction, such as the digital transformation document, drafting and approving relevant laws and regulations in this area, such as clauses 12 and 15 of the general policies of the administrative system notified by the Supreme Leader, the second program (development of electronic government and administrative intelligence) of Administrative system reform program - second round approved by the Supreme Administrative Council and clauses 32 and 34 of the general policies of the sixth development plan and also clause 25 of the seventh plan have been carried out. However, the examination of the current state of digital government indicators and the results of studies on the development of e-government in Iran show that the public sector has not been able to move in this direction in sync with other countries and has remained unable to implement the digital transformation process.Considering the inappropriate position of the country in the state of digital government and considering that Iran's management system is struggling with many problems and issues; The role of digital transformation in the public sector in the direction of reforming Iran's administrative system and developing electronic government is undeniable. Considering the importance of the mentioned topic, it is necessary to carry out the required studies in this field in the country in order to carry out future plans. Although there have been studies in the field of digital transformation in the country digital transformation in Iran's public sector has not been addressed. Therefore, considering that the recognition of issues and problems is the main step of transformation, this research seeks to identify the challenges of digital transformation in the public sector, to implement it and implement structural reform programs in the administrative system. country and finally, help realize the digital government.Materials and Methods The present research is qualitative research and one of the categories of developmental studies, the purpose of which is to analyze the challenges of digital transformation in the public sector of Iran and provide a comprehensive framework. In order to achieve this goal, qualitative content analysis method with inductive approach has been used. In this research, interviews have been conducted with 40 IT professionals who are characterized by relevant education and their history of cooperation with government organizations in the field of digital transformation. Targeted non-probability and snowball (with maximum diversity) were used until reaching theoretical saturation, and finally theoretical saturation was achieved with 40 interviews.Discussion and Results The findings of this research show that the challenges of digital transformation in the public sector can be divided into four categories: hardware challenges (information technology infrastructure and financial infrastructure), software challenges (digital governance) and the culture of digital transformation), man-made challenges (competencies of digital transformation custodians and digital citizenship competencies) and ecosystem challenges (ecosystem interactions and ecosystem capacity)".ConclusionIn this research, through interviews with experts in this field, the challenges of digital transformation in Iran's public sector were divided into 4 themes: "hardware", "software", "human software" and "ecosystem".According to the findings, among the most important challenges that Iran's public sector is facing are information technology infrastructure and financial infrastructure, governance of digital transformation, culture of digital transformation, competencies of those in charge of digital transformation, digital competencies. Citizens and interactions and capacity of the ecosystem pointed out.
The ability to handle life’s challenges measures the strength of character. If we intend to rise through challenges, one has to be prepared for the change. A strong sense of duty among health-care ...workers (HCWs) was observed during COVID-19 pandemic when there was a high threat to their lives. We aimed to review the literature from PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar that describes the current situation and various challenges faced by the health-care providers and provides necessary recommendations that ensure health and well-being. It is believed that the findings of this study will be found useful by the government and higher agencies to formulate and implement new and better policies favoring and promoting the health-care workers. The obstacles that health-care practitioners are presently facing are far larger than those that they experience in their routine duties. Health-care personnel has a distinct and restricted responsibility to treat the COVID-19 epidemic, which can be traced back to a wide social compact and is firmly linked to specific reciprocal obligations that society owes to health-care providers. This article is organized into parts depending on the numerous sorts of obstacles that health-care employees experience, such as mental, physical, professional, spiritual, and vocational challenges. The existing and future levels of stress among HCWs are very concerning. As a result, immediate upskilling is essential, as many health-care providers believe they lack the knowledge and abilities needed to manage health concerns. However, it is critical to ensure that enough suitable resources are in place to assist HCWs throughout the pandemic’s acute phase, as well as in the aftermath when demand will increase. A key rationale for investigating challenges faced by health-care workers is to strengthen our health system in every best possible way, also to strengthen the role of health-care workers by collection of their personal information COVID-19 related knowledge, personal health, nutrition, dietary supplementation, and job characteristics including psychological problem, work motivation, work pressure, physical abuse at work, conflicts, occupational hazards, length of working hours, communication challenges, language barriers, calm and composed behavior, and maintaining spiritual belief. The rationale will be based on the questionnaire including all types of challenges with multiple-choice questions discussing the problems faced during COVID-19.
The aim of the study is to analyse the opportunities and challenges of emergency remote teaching based on experiences of the COVID-19 emergency. A qualitative research method was undertaken in two ...steps. In the first step, a thematic analysis of an online discussion forum with international experts from different sectors and countries was carried out. In the second step (an Italian case study), both the data and the statements of opinion leaders from secondary online sources, including web articles, statistical data and legislation, were analysed. The results reveal several technological, pedagogical and social challenges. The technological challenges are mainly related to the unreliability of Internet connections and many students’ lack of necessary electronic devices. The pedagogical challenges are principally associated with teachers’ and learners’ lack of digital skills, the lack of structured content versus the abundance of online resources, learners’ lack of interactivity and motivation and teachers’ lack of social and cognitive presence (the ability to construct meaning through sustained communication within a community of inquiry). The social challenges are mainly related to the lack of human interaction between teachers and students as well as among the latter, the lack of physical spaces at home to receive lessons and the lack of support of parents who are frequently working remotely in the same spaces. Based on the lessons learned from this worldwide emergency, challenges and proposals for action to face these same challenges, which should be and sometimes have been implemented, are provided.
Collaborative competitions have gained popularity in the scientific and technological fields. These competitions involve defining tasks, selecting evaluation scores, and devising result verification ...methods. In the standard scenario, participants receive a training set and are expected to provide a solution for a held-out dataset kept by organizers. An essential challenge for organizers arises when comparing algorithms’ performance, assessing multiple participants, and ranking them. Statistical tools are often used for this purpose; however, traditional statistical methods often fail to capture decisive differences between systems’ performance. This manuscript describes an evaluation methodology for statistically analyzing competition results and competition. The methodology is designed to be universally applicable; however, it is illustrated using eight natural language competitions as case studies involving classification and regression problems. The proposed methodology offers several advantages, including off-the-shell comparisons with correction mechanisms and the inclusion of confidence intervals. Furthermore, we introduce metrics that allow organizers to assess the difficulty of competitions. Our analysis shows the potential usefulness of our methodology for effectively evaluating competition results.
•A procedure using bootstrapping to analyze competition performance is presented.•Advanced tools & visuals to enhance score ranking for competitions’ winner selection are described.•A study analyzing several NLP competitions using the methods and tools is described.•We highlight the need for robusts and effective tools when comparing the performance of models in competitions.
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have attracted great attention from researchers and practitioners and have opened up a broad range of beneficial opportunities for AI usage in the public ...sector. Against this background, there is an emerging need for a holistic understanding of the range and impact of AI-based applications and associated challenges. However, previous research considers AI applications and challenges only in isolation and fragmentarily. Given the lack of a comprehensive overview of AI-based applications and challenges for the public sector, our conceptual approach analyzes and compiles relevant insights from scientific literature to provide an integrative overview of AI applications and related challenges. Our results suggest 10 AI application areas, describing their value creation and functioning as well as specific public use cases. In addition, we identify four major dimensions of AI challenges. We finally discuss our findings, deriving implications for theory and practice and providing suggestions for future research.
University education is regarded as the cornerstone of one’s development and transformation, and also for the state. The importance of financial support for a student to acquire university education ...cannot be ignored. In South Africa, the government offers a couple of funding schemes to support students who persuade their university studies. These include NSFAS, Funza Lushaka Bursary, National Research Foundation funds, etc. These funding schemes can fund students at different levels of study within universities, at undergraduate and post-graduate level. However, this study primarily looks at evaluating the NSFAS policy within South African universities with the aim of investigating the implications and challenges encountered. The study adopts secondary data to achieve its objective. Existing literature is consulted, particularly the scholarly published articles, journals, and published reports. Findings of the study prove that even though the NSFAS policy is doing good to support the poor students who need this funding scheme, however, there are some challenges that are constraining its success such as corruption, poor management, etc. The study recommends a couple of strategies to overcome these issues. The study recommends a constant review and monitoring of the NSFAS policy and its implementation, the appointment of competent and dedicated employees from the national government up to the university level, finding innovative ways of fighting money leakages.
The growing landscape of cell and gene therapies necessitates a shift toward automated cell processing to circumvent limitations observed in traditional manual methods. This study explores the ...challenges encountered during the manufacturing and in-house quality control testing of Cell and Gene Therapy Products (CTGTPs) in two separate GMP laboratories, comprising of five Grade B processing suites within the Cell and Gene Therapy Facility, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore.
Drawing from our own experience with various single and modular platforms such as CliniMACS Prodigy, MACSQuant, and Automated Haematology Analyser, this study highlights various hurdles we faced due to software, hardware, equipment and material issues; manpower and facility constraints; and regulatory and GMP standards requirements. Specific challenges identified in the study include system glitches, difficulties in equipment and material qualification, limited manpower (i.e., training of manpower in this developing field and requirement of continuous monitoring by trained personnel), facility downtime and 21 CFR part 11 compliance.
Some in-house strategies to manage these challenges include having improvised monitoring systems and incorporating Westgard QC to reduce random or systematic error in our haematology analyser. Future considerations may include having better quality starting cell materials for scalability, reduction of production costs, and incorporating detailed automated equipment self-checks. Addressing these challenges is vital for enhancing automated cell processing reliability and expanding its potential in advancing cell and gene therapies and the sustainability of these processes.
A CASE FOR AN INDEPENDENT CYBER FORCE Heffron, Ian C.; Reith, Mark G.; Dean, James
Æther: A Journal of Strategic Airpower & Spacepower,
07/2023, Letnik:
2, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Although cyberspace is considered the newest warfighting domain, military analysts and scholars have opined the United States remains woefully behind its peers in cyberspace and have called for the ...creation of a separate cyber service component. Yet a cohesive and robust discussion on this topic has yet to emerge. This article proposes a general framework that builds on the Joint doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, facilities, and policy (DOTMLPF-P) analysis to address questions of sufficiency and necessity. Such analysis reveals DoD cyber operations do not maximize the United States’ ability to fight a cyber war, especially when compared against near-peer and peer threats such as China and Russia. A separate cyber force would position the United States to meet these challenges head on.
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