Objective: To compare mood in a group of physically active adults (PA) trained remotely during a COVID-19 quarantine period and a group of physically inactive adults (IF). Methods: The Mood Rating ...Scale (EVEA) was applied to both groups, PA (n = 15), age 23±3.7 years of a cheerleading club and to a group IF (n = 15) age 27±2.4 years, on two occasions with a separation time of one month. Data were collected, in both periods, on mood, specifically anxiety, sadness, joy and anger. Mood was compared between groups in two periods and mood by group in each period. If the p-value (sig) is less than 0.05, the presence of statistically significant differences between measurements and groups is established. To calculate the effect size (TE) of the difference, Cohen's d-test was applied. Results: Both measures showed that PA presented less anxiety compared to IF (p = 0.00; ES 1.37; p = 0.00; ES 2.07), sadness (p = 0.06; ES 0.57; p = 0.00; ES 1.99) and anger (p = 0.00; ES 0.77; p = 0.00; ES 3.43), and greater joy (p = 0.01, ES 0.98; p = 0.00; ES 3,60) respectively. In addition, PA in the 2nd measurement decreased sadness (p = 0.25, ES 0.45) and anger (p = 0.05, ES 0.57) and increased joy (p = 0.05; ES 0.75), while IF increased anger (p = 0.00; ES 2.11) and decreased joy (p = 0.12, ES 1.07). Conclusion: PA presented better mood than IF in both measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, and decreased negative mood and increased positive mood, accounting for the positive effects of physical exercise on mood.
Objetivo: Comparar el estado de ánimo en un grupo de adultos físicamente activos (FA) entrenados de forma remota durante un periodo de cuarentena por COVID-19 y un grupo de adultos inactivos físicamente (IF). Métodos: Fue aplicada la Escala de Valoración del Estado de Ánimo (EVEA) a ambos grupos, FA (n = 15), edad 23±3,7 años de un club de cheerleading y a un grupo IF (n=15) edad 27±2,4 años, en dos ocasiones con un tiempo de separación de un mes. Se recopilaron datos, en ambos periodos, de estado de ánimo (EA), específicamente ansiedad, tristeza, alegría e ira. Fueron comparados los EA entre grupos en dos periodos y EA por grupo en cada periodo. Si el p-valor (sig) es menor a 0,05, se establece la presencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre mediciones y los grupos. Para calcular el tamaño del efecto (TE) de la diferencia, se aplicó la prueba d de Cohen. Resultados: Arrojaron en ambas mediciones que FA presentó en comparación a IF menos ansiedad (p = 0,00; TE 1,37; p = 0,00; TE 2,07), tristeza (p = 0,06; TE 0,57; p = 0,00; TE 1,99) e ira (p = 0,00; TE 0,77; p = 0,00; TE 3,43), y mayor alegría (p = 0,01, TE 0,98; p = 0,00; TE 3,60) respectivamente. Además, FA en la 2ª medición disminuyó la tristeza (p = 0,25, TE 0,45) y la ira (p = 0,05, TE 0,57) y aumentó la alegría (p = 0,05; TE 0,75), mientras que IF aumentó la ira (p = 0.00; TE 2,11) y disminuyó la alegría (p = 0,12, TE 1,07). Conclusión: FA presento mejor estado de ánimo que IF en ambas mediciones durante la pandemia COVID-19, y disminuyó EA negativo y aumentó EA positivo, dando cuenta de los efectos positivos del ejercicio físico sobre EA.
BP neural network is a typical algorithm in artificial intelligence networks, and it has strong nonlinear mapping ability, solving some nonlinear problems and pattern recognition is its most ...prominent part. The network topology of the BP neural network is simple, it has high error precision, it is easy to program, and also has strong operability, it is one of the most important algorithms in the field of data mining. Cheerleading is one of the dance cheerleading events, because of its sunshine, fashion and vitality, it has become a new sports event on campus, although cheerleading has developed rapidly in China, its promotion on campus is still at the initial stage, with the increasing number of public contestants, the competition among the participating teams has become increasingly fierce, excellent choreography is the key to victory, by using the methods of literature, video analysis and mathematical statistics, the author made an in-depth analysis of the top eight teams, including 24 teams, who achieved the best in the collective flower ball optional complete set of actions in the three open national cheerleading championships from 2019 to 2021, grasp the current situation and trend of the arrangement of free flower ball movements in the open children’s group, and summarize its rules, it provides a theoretical basis for the arrangement of the set of collective flower ball optional movements of the open university group, improve the overall level of the flower ball cheerleading program of the open university group, and play a role in consolidating the basic learning of flower ball cheerleading.
Partisan Bias in Surveys Bullock, John G; Lenz, Gabriel
Annual review of political science,
05/2019, Letnik:
22, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
If citizens are to hold politicians accountable for their performance, they probably must have some sense of the relevant facts, such as whether the economy is growing. In surveys, Democrats and ...Republicans often claim to hold different beliefs about these facts, which raises normative concerns. However, it is not clear that their divergent survey responses reflect actual divergence of beliefs. In this review, we conclude that partisan divergence in survey responses is often not due to sincere, considered differences of belief that fall along party lines-but determining what it
is
due to is difficult. We review the evidence for possible explanations, especially insincere responding and congenial inference. Research in this area is still nascent, and much more will be required before we can speak with precision about the causes of partisan divergence in responses to factual questions.
In this work, a brief historical review of the origin of cheerleading in the world, analysis of origin and development in higher schools in our country has been presented. Conclusions made out of the ...information available, give us a reason to deem that cheerleading dances are an attractive discipline that would be of interest for students and have a big potential for development and expanding of the scope of sport activities in Bulgarian higher schools.
The purpose of this study was to advocate for the acceptance of cheerleading as a sport so that its athletes are eligible for the same resources available to other sports, such as concussion ...education programs and injury surveillance systems. The subjects of this study were cheerleaders from Miami Dade County public high schools who sustained a sports related concussion (SRC) from August 2015 to June 2019, identified from the Miami Concussion Model Concussion Injury Surveillance System. The database is compiled from reports submitted by certified athletic trainers after a suspected concussion, from post-injury ImPACT tests, and from patients who present to the University of Miami Sports Concussion Clinic for evaluation. A total of 29 cheerleaders were identified. The 2018-19 academic year accounted for 45% of reported concussions, representing a large increase in number compared to previous years. This was observed after increased emphasis was placed on certified athletic trainers to report SRC in cheerleaders. On average cheerleaders with SRC were withheld from sport for 26.2 days, and 38% had prolonged recovery of >28 days. Cheerleaders perform complex athletic maneuvers that put them at risk of injury, particularly SRC. If considered a sport, cheerleading would be afforded the same benefits as other sports, including resources for better facilities, mandatory concussion education, ATC availability, baseline neurocognitive testing, and inclusion in injury surveillance systems. Increased knowledge of the long-term sequelae of concussions and repetitive head injuries has led to the development of concussion education programs and injury surveillance systems to protect athletes from these types of injuries. Although competitive cheerleading has been recognized as a sport, cheerleading as a whole has not, putting its athletes at risk as its participants are not included in these safety programs.
Objective
This study aimed to analyze the influence of cheerleading on female college students’ physical self-esteem and mental health.
Materials and Methods
In total, 63 female college students from ...the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China were trained in cheerleading for 16 weeks. The scores of each sub-field of physical self-esteem and psychological symptoms were analyzed by using Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) and Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), respectively, at 0 and 16 weeks of the experiment.
Results
After 16 weeks of cheerleading exercise, female college students had significant differences in physical attractiveness (
T
= 4.18), physical quality (
T
= 4.39), and physical self-worth (
T
= 3.35) before and after the experiment (
P
< 0.01). There were significant differences in physical condition (
T
= 3.87) and athletic ability (
T
= 2.88) before and after the experiment (
P
< 0.05). Somatization (
T
= 6.485), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (
T
= 11.716), interpersonal sensitivity (
T
= 10.077), depression (
T
= 8.403), anxiety (
T
= 10.767), hostility (
T
= 10.866), terror (
T
= 9.260), paranoia (
T
= 10.414), psychosis (
T
= 9.610), sleep and eating disorders (
T
= 9.323), total symptom index (
T
= 13.245), and mean score of positive symptoms (
T
= 12.237) were significantly different (
P
< 0.01).
Conclusion
Cheerleading can significantly improve the level of female college students’ physical self-esteem, especially the self-esteem level of physical attractiveness, physical quality, and physical self-worth. They also experienced significant improvement in their psychological disorders, especially somatization, depression, and sleep and eating disorders, which effectively improved their overall mental health.
Physical exercises can improve individuals' physical health and cognition, but the internal influence path is unclear. This study aims to examine the influence of pom cheerleading training on ...physical fitness and executive function of preschool children and explore the relationship between sports training, physical fitness, and executive function. We selected seventy-one preschool children and divided them into the experimental group (n = 36) and the control group (n = 35). The experimental group kept a 12-week pom cheerleading training, and the exercises of the control group remained normal. Children's physical fitness and executive function were tested, in one week before and after the experiment, respectively. Results of repeated measurements analysis of variance and structural equation model test showed: (1) after 12-week pom cheerleading training, in terms of physical fitness, the experimental group has a significant improvement over the control group on agility and speed; in terms of executive function, the inhibitory control and working memory of the experimental group were significantly enhanced over the control group. (2) Speed quality plays a partial mediating role between pom cheerleading training and inhibitory control; agility plays a major mediating role between pom cheerleading training and working memory. It is concluded that physical exercise can directly improve preschool children's executive function, and indirectly enhance executive function mediated by physical fitness. Furthermore, structured and systematic physical education should be adopted for preschool children to cultivate their interest in sports and enhance their cognition.
Purpose: to determine the degree of change in the level of development of the flexibility of 5–6th grade schoolchildren under the influence of cheerleading activity. Material & Methods: 103 ...schoolchildren of 10–11 years took part in the research. Methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment and methods of mathematical statistics. Results: the indicators of the level of development of flexibility are presented, as well as the degree of their change under the influence of cheerleading activities among schoolchildren of the 5th and 6th grades of the general education school. Conclusion: the use of cheerleading activity positively influenced the degree of manifestation of the flexibility of schoolchildren of middle classes in all the parameters studied.
치어리딩의 연구동향: 한국과 미국 학술지를 중심으로 박기유; Park¸ Ki-yu; 조은비 ...
한국체육학회지,
07/2023, Letnik:
62, Številka:
4
Journal Article
이 연구는 한국과 미국의 학술지에 게재된 연구논문을 대상으로 ‘치어리딩 연구동향’을 분석하여, 우리나라 치어리딩의 향후 발전방향에 대한 학문적 기초자료를 제시하는데 연구의 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 연구의 시발점인 1953년부터 2022년까지 70년간 총 203편(한국 57편, 미국 146편)의 종합적인 분석을 통하여, 한국과 미국의 차이점과 공통점을 ...모색하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 한국과 미국의 논문을 분리하여 게재년도, 연구주제, 연구분야, 연구대상, 연구방법 순으로 나누어 SPSS 29.0 Program 교차분석방법을 적용하여 분석하였다. 이 과정을 통해 얻어진 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 게재년도 측면에서 2013년부터 2022년까지(99편, 48.8%) 연구가 가장 많이 나타났으며, 둘째, 연구주제 측면에서는 치어리딩이 가장 높게 나타났는데, 한국(23편), 미국(141편)으로 미국의 연구량이 한국에 비해 6배 이상 많았다. 셋째, 연구분야 측면에서는 스포츠의학 분야(54편, 26.6%)가 가장 높은 빈도로 나타났으며, 그에 비해 체육철학(8편, 3.9%) 분야는 매우 고무적인 상황이다. 넷째, 연구대상 측면에서는 선수(127편, 62.6%) 관련하여 가장 높게 나타났으며, 지도자(3편, 1.5%)를 대상으로 한 연구는 현저히 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 연구방법 측면에서는 양적연구(131편, 64.5%)가 가장 활발하게 진행되었고, 질적연구(71편, 35.0%)는 양적연구의 절반 수준에 못 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 앞으로 우리나라 치어리딩이 나아갈 방향과 학문발전의 기초를 토대로 활용될 수 있기를 기대해 본다.
This study aims to present academic data for the future development direction of cheerleading in the Korea by analyzing ‘Research Trends of Cheerleading’ based on research papers published in academic journals in the Korea and the USA. To probe research trends, a total of 203 studies(57 studies in Korea, 146 studies in the USA) for 70 years from 1953, the study’s starting point, to 2022, to explore the differences and similarities between cheerleading studies in Korea and the USA. To achieve the purpose of the study, studies were classified and analyzed by applying the SPSS 29.0 program by dividing them in the order of year of publication, research topic, research field, research subject, and research method. First, in terms of the publication year, most research appeared from 2013 to 2022(99 studies, 48.8%). Second, regarding research topics, cheerleading appeared the most, with 23 studies in Korea and 141 in the USA appearing more than six times. Third, in terms of research fields, the field of sports medicine(54 studies, 26.6%) appeared with the highest frequency, and in comparison, the area of sports medicine(8 studies, 3.9%) is very encouraging. Fourth, in terms of subjects of research, studies on athletes(127 studies, 62.6%) appeared the most, and studies on coaches(3 studies, 1.5%) were markedly lacking. Fifth, in terms of research methods, quantitative research (131 studies, 64.5%) was the most active, and qualitative research (71 studies, 35.0%) was only half of quantitative research. The above research results will suggest the future direction of cheerleading in Korea and be used as a basis for academic development.
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