Low energy availability (LEA) is a medical condition observed in athletes, with a higher prevalence in aesthetic sports. For the first time, this study evaluated the relative prevalence of LEA in ...female elite athletes (ELA) and recreational athletes (REA) in aesthetic sports in China.
Female athletes from 6 sports (trampolining, rhythmic gymnastics, aerobics, dance sport, cheerleading and dance) were recruited, including ELA (n = 52; age = 20 ± 3) on Chinese national teams and REA (n = 114; Age = 20 ± 2) from Beijing Sport University. Participants completed 2 online questionnaires to assess LEA and eating disorder risk. These included the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), which provided information on injury history, gastrointestinal function and menstrual history, and the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 Referral Form (EDI-3 RF). For a sub-group of elite athletes (n = 14), body composition, bone mineral density, and blood serum were also quantified.
A total of 41.6% of participants (n = 69) were at increased risk of LEA, and 57.2% of participants (n = 95) were classified as high in eating disorder risk. For ELA vs. REA, there was a significantly higher prevalence of LEA risk (55.8% vs. 35.1%; p = 0.012) and amenorrhea (53.8% vs. 13.3%; p < 0.001). Elite athletes at increased risk of LEA had significantly lower estradiol (p = 0.021) and whole-body BMD (p = 0.028). Pearson correlations indicated that the whole-body BMD (r = - 0.667, p = 0.009) correlated negatively with LEAF-Q score.
Results of this study indicate that there is a risk of LEA in female Chinese athletes within aesthetic sports, and significantly higher prevalence of increased LEA risk observed in ELA than in REA. Chinese coaches and sports medicine staff working elite female athletes in aesthetic sports should develop strategies to reduce the prevalence of LEA.
Using in-depth interviews and participant observations, I examine how two groups of heterosexual high school US football players alter differently the construction of heterosexuality and masculinity ...after joining collegiate cheerleading. First, I show that informants from both groups make masculinity accessible to gay men before next describing how they reconcile heterosexuality with limited forms of same-sex sex. Forty-percent of the heterosexual men I interview confirm engaging in same-sex sex, although they differently frame the requirements for it. I suggest these findings have various meaning for the relationship between sexuality and masculinity, as both groups somewhat strengthen and contest the borders of heterosexuality and masculinity. These findings beckon consideration as to how the relationship among sport, sexuality, and homophobia is changing.
Background:
Although the athleticism required of cheerleaders has increased, the risks of cheerleading have been less studied as compared with other sports.
Purpose:
To update our understanding of ...the epidemiology of cheerleading-related injuries.
Study Design:
Descriptive epidemiology study.
Methods:
We analyzed the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) for cheerleading-related injuries presenting to nationally representative emergency departments (EDs) in the United States from January 2010 through December 2019. Extracted data included patient age and sex, injury characteristics (diagnosis, body region injured, time of year, and location where injury occurred), and hospital disposition. Using patient narratives, we recorded the cheerleading skills, settings, and mechanisms that led to injury. NEISS sample weights were used to derive national estimates (NEs) from actual case numbers.
Results:
From 2010 to 2019, a total of 9868 athletes (NE = 350,000; 95% CI, 250,000-450,000) aged 5-25 years presented to US EDs for cheerleading injuries. The annual number of injuries decreased by 15%, from 982 (NE = 35,000; 95% CI, 27,000-44,000) to 897 (NE = 30,000; 95% CI, 18,000-42,000) (P = .048), corresponding to a 27% decline in the injury rate per 100,000 cheerleaders (P < .01). The annual number of injuries caused by performing stunts decreased by 24%, from 240 (NE = 8700; 95% CI, 6700-11,000) to 216 (NE = 6600; 95% CI, 4000-9200) (P = .01), with a 36% decline in the corresponding injury rate per 100,000 cheerleaders (P < .01). Despite these decreases, annual incidence of concussions/closed head injuries increased by 44%, from 128 (NE = 3800; 95% CI, 2900-4700) to 171 (NE = 5500; 95% CI, 3400-7700) (P = .02), and patients requiring hospital admission increased by 118%, from 18 (NE = 330; 95% CI, 250-410) to 24 (NE = 720; 95% CI, 440-1000) (P < .01). The hospital admission rate increased by 9.0% (P = .02).
Conclusion:
The number of cheerleading-related injuries presenting to US EDs decreased from 2010 to 2019. However, the incidence of concussions/closed head injuries and hospital admissions increased, suggesting that further measures are needed to improve safety for cheerleaders.
In the aftermath of the 2016 election, many Democrats reported significant increases in stress, depression, and anxiety. Were these increases real, or the product of expressive reporting? Using a ...unique data set of searches by more than 1 million Bing users before and after the election, we examine the changes in mental-health-related searches among Democrats and Republicans. We then compare these changes to shifts in searches among Spanish-speaking Latinos in the United States. We find that while Democrats may report greater increases in post-election mental distress, their mental health search behavior did not change after the election. On the other hand, Spanish-speaking Latinos had clear, significant, and sustained increases in searches for “depression,” “anxiety,” “therapy,” and antidepressant medications. This suggests that for many Democrats, expressing mental distress after the election was a form of partisan cheerleading.
Cheerleading is a highly popular youth sport in the United States and has been increasingly recognized in recent years for its athleticism and competitive nature. The sport has changed dramatically ...since its inception. When the sport of cheerleading was first developed, its primary purpose was to entertain crowds and support other athletes. Today, cheerleaders are competitive athletes themselves. Cheerleaders, most of whom are in the pediatric age group, and their parents commonly approach orthopaedic surgeons and sports medicine physicians with questions regarding the risks associated with participation in the sport. Appropriate clinical guidance is especially important for athletes returning to the sport after an injury. However, unlike other popular sports (eg, football, basketball, and volleyball), the intricacies of cheerleading are not well-known to those outside the sport, including many health care providers. Previous studies have reported on the epidemiological patterns of injuries associated with cheerleading and how such aesthetic sports affect the body, finding that fractures and concussions are prevalent and that catastrophic injuries are more common than in most other sports. Here, we provide an evidence-based discussion of 10 pertinent topics regarding cheerleading and its risks to the musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive resource for orthopaedic surgeons and sports medicine physicians who care for these athletes.
한국 청소년 치어리딩 선수의 손상실태 윤소미; Somi Yun; 손윤선 ...
Ch'eyuk kwahak yŏn'gu,
06/2017, Letnik:
28, Številka:
2
Journal Article
목적 한국의 청소년 치어리딩의 손상률과 양태에 관해 조사하였다. 방법 스포츠 치어리딩 전국대회에 참가한 청소년 치어리더들을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하여 769명 중 손상 경험이 있는 435명의 데이터를 분석하였다. 결과 손상 경험자는 비손상자에 비해 나이가 더 많고(p<0.001), 경력자가 많았으며 (p<0.001), 체질량지수도 더 ...높았다(p<0.05). 청소년 치어리더들의 손상 부위는 손목과 발목, 무릎과 어깨, 허리로 전신의 손상 빈도가 고르게 높았으며 손상 종류에서는 근육손상과 타박상이 높게 나타났다. 손상동작은 경력에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 6개월 미만은 엘리베이터, 6개월-1년은 크래들, 1년-2년은 크래들과 바스켓토스였으며, 2년-3년은 크래들과 피라미드로 전체 손상동작의 상위 동작들과 일치하며 높은 곳으로 올라갔다 내려오는 동작들이었다. 손상 발생 후 처치는 집에서 자가 치료를 하거나 치료를 하지 않는 선수들이 56%를 차지했으며, 손상에서 회복 노력을 하지 않거나 자가 치료를 한다는 결과가 전체의 60%였다. 또한 치어리딩 정식 매트를 사용하는 그룹이 전체의 32%였다. 결론 안정성을 고려한 규정을 마련하고, 손상 처치와 예방 및 안전에 관한 가이드라인이 마련되어야 할 것이다.
Purpose Incidence and prevalence of Korean teenager cheerleading injuries were surveyed. Methods A total of 769 junior cheerleaders who participated in National Sport Cheerleading Competitions responded to a questionnaire, and 435 reported experiences of injuries. Results Risk factors for injury included older age (p<0.001), increased experience (p<0.001), and higher BMI (p<0.05). The most frequent injury occurred at wrist, ankle, knee, shoulder and waist. And the most responded types of injury were muscular pain and contusion. Cheerleading experience affected on injury prevalence. They were injured when they perform Elevator (<0.5 yrs), Cradle (0.5-1 yrs), Cradle and Basket toss (1-2 yrs), Cradle and Pyramid (2-3 yrs). These techniques involved in bodily movements of going up and cradle. About 56% of injury was treated at home or not treated at all, and 60% of injury was either self-treated or not intervened. And only 32% of cheerleaders practiced on a formal mattress. Conclusion Safety measures for these youth cheerleaders are necessary and guidelines for securing safety and preventing and treating injuries for these population are urgent.
Pediatric injuries in performance sports represent a significant healthcare burden and account for over 50,000 annual Emergency Department (ED) visits in the United States. The objective of this ...study was to characterize and compare pediatric injury presentation across the most common performance sports.
The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was retrospectively analyzed for pediatric injuries (3-18 years) related to gymnastics, dance, or cheerleading from 2015-2019. Cases were categorized as children (˂11 years) or adolescent (≥11 years). Injuries were categorized as orthopedic (fractures, dislocations, sprain, strains), non-orthopedic (contusion, internal injury, laceration), concussion, or other/unknown. Case narratives were used to categorize mechanism of injury as contact or non-contact. Appropriate sample NEISS weights estimation was applied for statistical analysis and Confidence Intervals (CI).
A total of 393,110 injuries were observed over the five-year study period, with a mean of 78,622 annual injuries. Gymnastics, dance, and cheerleading accounted for 136,422 injuries, 96,416 injuries, and 160,272 injuries, respectively. Most cases were adolescent (71%; 95% CI: 68-74%) and occurred in a sports-related setting (65%, 95% CI: 57-72%). Gymnastics had the highest proportion of injuries among children (50%) as compared to dancers (25%) or cheerleaders (12%) (p < 0.01). Non-contact injuries most affected the lower extremity (43-68%) and resulted in an orthopedic diagnosis (63-71%), and contact injuries had a higher proportion of injuries affecting the head, neck, and face (29-51%) and non-orthopedic diagnoses (29-38%). Gymnastics had the most upper extremity non-contact injuries (42%) and dance the most lower extremity non-contact injuries (68%) (p < 0.01). Cheerleading had the highest incidence of overall concussions (8%), contact injuries (47%), and concussions due to contact injury (15%).
Pediatric gymnasts, cheerleaders, and dancers have important similarities and differences in injury pattern which may lead to the development of sport-specific injury prevention programs for pediatric performance athletes.
The purpose - to analyze the compositions of competitive programs for cheerleading on the example of student teams and to identify the features of their structure and content that affect the ...evaluation of performances. Material and methods. The study involved members of the 9 student teams for the cheerleading of the universities of Kharkov (only 75 people). Research methods: study and analysis of literature, conversations with coaches and athletes, analysis of videos and protocols of competitions, correlation analysis. Results. As a result of the study, the structure and content of the compositions of competitive programs of student teams performing in the category of cheerleading are analyzed. The value of the elements, constructions and reconstructions used in the cheerleading is revealed and their influence on the evaluation of performances is revealed. It is shown that the sum of points received by athletes at competitions depends on saturation of competitive programs with a large number of elements of different structural groups. The constant movement of the team members during the performance in order to create a variety of constructions and movements in them also has a positive impact on the judges, which is expressed in high marks for the composition. The average connection between the performance score and the number of combinations of cheer movements is explained by the fact that these movements are the most accessible of the elements of the cheer dance and their performance does not require special physical training. The weak dependence found between the number of dance combinations and the number of different fragments of the chosen musical accompaniment and the total amount of points for the performance indicates a slight influence of these features of the construction of competitive compositions on the assessment for the performance. Conclusions.. The analysis of competitive programs in cheer leading and the identification of the influence of their main components on the refereeing evaluation made it possible to develop a method of making compositions for student teams in category cheer dance. The technique includes the following stages: selection and arrangement of the phonogram; selection of elements of different groups of difficulties provided by the rules of the competition; selection in accordance with the phonogram of the performance of dance combinations, cheer movements; combination of elements and dance combinations, as well as combinations of cheer movements into separate fragments of the program and the composition as a whole; development of styles of costumes for performances.
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