On the basis of data obtained by the administration of the Lehman Play Quiz the authors compare two groups of negro children with two groups of white children with respect to their participation in ...social or solitary play activities. The per cent of the total activities that the social activities represent is designated the index of social participation. The tables of data indicate that at every age interval (8½ to 15½) negro children are more social in their play than white children. It is suggested that the negro child's greater sociability may be a handicap rather than an asset as far as a well-balanced development is concerned.
•Transmen and transwomen had the highest and lowest PSAI scores, respectively.•Cisgender men scored significantly higher than cisgender women.•Transwomen scored significantly more feminine than ...cisgender women.•Difference between transmen and cisgender men was not significant.
Preschool play behaviors have been frequently shown to be associated with prenatal androgens. It has also been proposed that incongruent sex-typed play behaviors in childhood is associated with gender dysphoria in adulthood in both men and women. Most of these studies, however, have been conducted in western countries. In this study, we investigated the recalled childhood play behavior among a total number of 339 Iranian participants (n = 72 transwomen, n = 92 transmen, n = 75 cisgender men and n = 100 cisgender women) using Preschool Activity Inventory (PSAI). We found that PSAI mean scores of the four groups were significantly different (F(3,335 = 223.5, p < 0.001)). Both transmen and cisgender men scored significantly more masculine than transwomen and cisgender women but had no different with each other. Transwomen scored significantly more feminine than cisgender men and cisgender women. Our findings are in line with previous studies that suggest gender nonconforming play behaviors may be associated with gender dysphoria in adulthood. It also emphasizes the importance of this finding for in non-western clinical context and its implications.
Purpose: Gender dysphoria (GD) emerged as a focal area in child and adolescent development research. While the intricacies of diagnosis and interventions for GD intertwine with diverse socio-cultural ...challenges, a notable dearth of knowledge exists about the experiences of transgender (TG) individuals during their formative years in Turkey. This study aims to unveil these experiences, shedding light on the challenges, perspectives, and implications in health care settings. Patients and Methods: Our study encompassed 125 participants: 62 TGs under clinical follow-up, and a control group of 63 cisgender individuals. Surveys tailored to TG participants addressed early GD experiences, gender-typed activity participation, and psychosocial challenges from childhood through adolescence. Additionally, both cohorts contributed to a survey on attitudes towards community-based interventions, allowing for a comparative analysis of their perspectives. Results: TGs identified their GD around age 10.77. Female-to-male TGs showed more involvement in traditionally male- associated activities, whereas male-to-female engaged more in female-associated domestic role-plays (p<0.001). Over a third (37.09%) faced ostracization or bullying due to GD, 45.16% encountered verbal abuse, and 12.90% reported physical violence. Additionally, 40.32% had undergone treatment for depression and anxiety disorders. Most participants supported awareness initiatives, advocating for open gender expression, and normalizing the experiences of TG youth. Furthermore, 88.71% of TGs emphasized the importance of enhancing the expertise of professional groups, such as medical and mental health practitioners, in GD matters, a sentiment echoed by 68.25% of cisgender participants (p=0.030). While medical interventions were the least favored strategy at 32.80% overall, 46.78% of TGs supported it, compared to 19.05% of controls (p=0.010). Conclusion: Our study underscores the challenges faced by TG individuals during development. Early recognition, societal awareness, enhanced training in professional healthcare environments, and comprehensive support are crucial for fostering acceptance and reducing adversity among children and adolescents navigating GD. Keywords: gender dysphoria, mental health, health care, childhood play behaviors, psychosocial challenges, early interventions
Play is, by definition, internally motivated, flexible, spontaneous and voluntary. Yet some researchers claim to have taught children with autism to play using behavioural interventions that are ...heavily structured, repetitive and make use of external reinforcements. In the current systematic review, we examine the extent to which these claims are supported by the evidence presented by the researchers themselves. We conclude that the most effective behavioural interventions have been those which have built on children's existing abilities or have relied on the motivating nature of activities themselves rather than on external rewards. We discuss the problems inherent in distinguishing between behavioural and cognitive change in children's play and highlight generalization as a poorly understood but focal process. Finally, we discuss the value of teaching children with autism play behaviours when these are not characterized by the defining qualities of play as a disposition.
The concept of intersexuality subsumes a wide variety of phenomena with very specific underlying causes. In all these cases, an untypical development takes place during the prenatal sex ...differentiation process becoming clinically manifest, either at, or soon after birth or at the time of puberty. It subsumes conditions in which biological sexual characteristics (e.g. chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, hormonal sex, morphological sex) differ from each other and one person cannot easily be assigned to one sex. One of the main goals of medical treatment of persons with intersex-syndroms is the development of a stable gender identity. Over the last few years, sex (and gender) assignment of persons with different forms of intersexuality has become a much discussed topic. An interesting — and very obviously observable — variable that was brought in connection with sex assignment is gender related childhood play behaviour. The purpose of the presented study is to examine 37 persons with different forms of intersexuality (disturbances of androgen biosynthesis, partial and complete androgen insensitivity, gonadal dysgenesis with 46, XY and congenital adrenal hyperplasia with 46, XX) with regard to gender identity and gender role behaviour in childhood. Not all subjects in the study group had developed a clear female or male gender identity. In contrast to previous studies, some persons with CAIS did not recall distinguished female childhood play behaviour and these persons did not show a clear female gender identity. In contrast to results from other studies, the CAH-affected girls in this study did not seem to recall masculinized behaviour. Further research is needed to guarantee better psychosexual development with good quality of life in individuals with intersexuality. Verschiedene Diagnosegruppen, die heute der Intersexualität zugeordnet werden, werden kurz beschrieben. Der Begriff Intersexualität umfasst diejenigen Erscheinungsformen, bei denen biologische Geschlechtsmerkmale (v.a. Chromosomen, Gonaden, äußere und innere Geschlechtsmerkmale) voneinander abweichen. Das hat oft zur Folge, dass betroffene Kinder nach der Geburt nicht ohne Schwierigkeiten einem Geschlecht zugeordnet werden können. Eines der Hauptziele der medizinischen Behandlung Intersexueller war und ist es, dass sie eine stabile Geschlechtsidentität entwickeln. Ein Bereich, der mit der Geschlechtszuordnung in Zusammenhang gebracht und als Rechtfertigung für eine richtige Entscheidung herangezogen wurde, ist geschlechtsspezifisches Verhalten in der Kindheit. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob sich verschiedene Formen der Intersexualität, die alle mit unterschiedlichen vorgeburtlichen Androgenwirkungen einhergehen, in Bezug auf ihr geschlechtstypisches Verhalten in der Kindheit unterscheiden. Außerdem ist Geschlechtsidentität mit pränataler Androgenwirkung auf das Gehirn in Verbindung gebracht worden. In dieser Studie wurden bisher 37 erwachsene Personen mit verschiedenen Formen von Intersexualität (46, XY Frauen und 46, XX Frauen mit AGS) hinsichtlich ihrer Geschlechtsidentität und erinnertem Spielverhalten in der Kindheit untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass nicht alle Personen aus der Stichprobe eine für ein Geschlecht typische Geschlechtsidentität entwickelt haben. Entgegen den Ergebnissen aus anderen Studien gaben Frauen mit Adrenogenitalem Syndrom in dieser Studie nicht an, sich vermehrt männlich verhalten zu haben. Einige Personen mit kompletter Androgenresistenz hingegen zeigten im Gegensatz zu bisher vorliegenden Studien kein eindeutig weibliches Spielverhalten und keine eindeutig weibliche Geschlechtsidentität. Weitere Forschung ist notwendig, insbesondere hinsichtlich anderer Faktoren, die mit einer für die Betroffenen zufrieden stellenden Geschlechtszuordnung in Verbindung stehen.
