Current geoeconomic and geopolitical transformations project on Russian society and its spatial organisation, highlighting the problems of spatial socioeconomic development and its governmental ...regulation. This article examines the theoretical and applied aspects of the incorporation into the national regional policy of the sea factor, understood as a combination of location and resources, which is determined by a country’s jurisdiction over coasts and waters, its maritime activities and coastalisation potential, including the economic, settlement-related and psychological elements of the latter. The article describes the key influences of the sea factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia. The steadily growing impact of maritime activities on the spatial-economic and settlement dynamics has been given a new impetus by the rising geostrategic, resource and transport-logistic significance of the World Ocean, as well as its water and water-land substructures, amid increasing military-strategic confrontation and geoeconomic regionalisation. The article presents a retrospective analysis of the role of the sea factor in Russia’s regional policy and identifies its stages. The authors emphasise the need for a synergy between maritime and spatial policies and proposes ways of achieving it.
A partir da segunda metade do século XX, territórios praieiros de domínio das populações pesqueiras na zona costeira do Nordeste do Estado do Pará, passaram a receber políticas públicas para o ...desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Gerando forte antropia na relação entre os aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais. Este estudo objetivou analisar as principais mudanças socioeconômicas e ambientais resultantes dos investimentos públicos em expansão rodoviária, urbanização e turismo balnear nas praias do Atalaia (Salinópolis), Ajuruteua (Bragança) e Crispim (Marapanim), a partir de 1960. O método contou com revisão bibliográfica, seleção das áreas de riscos na costa Atlântica paraense, visitas in loco, 115 entrevistas pessoais (exploratório e descritivo) e análise dos dados. Os resultados indicaram como mudança ambiental a substituição da vegetação e dunas para edificações civis (Q.3 – campos entre dunas: 61,8%; dunas: 21,7%; mangue: 11,3%; Q.7 – comércio/serviços: 66,1%; 2 residência: 17,40%; residência: 16,5%). No social, houve a substituição dos espaços de pesca para urbanização turística (Q.2 – comprado: 47% e ocupado: 40,9%). No econômico houve a substituição das atividades de pesca tradicional para atividade turística (Q.7 – comércio/serviços: 66,1% e extrativismo animal: 0%). Os impactos negativos gerados têm implicação com a falta de infraestrutura urbana (Q.8 – ausência de serviços públicos: 72,3%), recuo da linha de costa (Q.8 – erosão costeira: 17,4%), e a má qualidade da prestação dos serviços de apoio atividade turística (Q.9 – prestação de serviços: 52,2%). Conclui-se que as situações problemáticas atuais (poluição ambiental, erosão costeira, deficiência da oferta e serviços turísticos) são consequências do processo de ocupação e formação socioespacial desenvolvida pelo poder público, que para gerar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico desconsiderou os ordenamentos jurídicos de preservação da orla marítima, promovendo a expansão urbana e o desenvolvimento do turismo balnear, sem planejamento e infraestrutura adequada, gerando impactos negativos que dificultam o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da região.
Este estudio determinó, mediante un índice constituido por 24 indicadores, congregados en tres índices de segundo orden: prevención, resistencia y recuperación, la resiliencia ante desastres ...socionaturales de municipios costeros del Pacífico mexicano. La resiliencia encontrada fue mayormente media debido a una capacidad de recuperación endeble. Un análisis clúster precisó cinco grupos con características propias de resiliencia, resaltó uno de mayor rezago en Oaxaca y Guerrero debido a su bajo nivel de prevención y recuperación, los hallazgos permiten a quienes toman decisiones orientar estrategias y priorizar acciones para aumentar la resiliencia ante las amenazas naturales en el territorio mexicano.
► The ecosystem services approach helps to create ecologically sustainable urban areas. ► The documents we analyzed do not mention marine ecosystem services (MES) directly. ► However, the indirect ...inclusion of MES may facilitate their future use in planning. ► MES were considered mainly in the context of tourism, port industry and fishing. ► Better awareness of MES may minimize the ‘environment or development’ dilemma.
Marine ecosystem services (MES) condition the development of coastal urban areas, but their benefits are often taken for granted. The purpose of this study is to test how MES are perceived in the practice of urban planning and long-term management. We searched for MES recognition in 63 strategic documents of the 10 largest Polish seaside towns and cities. The criteria we used in analyzing the documents included (i) the character of references to local seaside conditions, (ii) the priority of local development objectives related to the sea, (iii) references to marine ecosystem services and disservices, (iv) references to trade-offs between ecosystem services, and (v) postulates for environmental protection. Our analysis reveals that MES are acknowledged, but their recognition is partial and limited to the services which are already captured by market mechanisms. Limited identification of MES leads to insufficient discussion of current and future trade-offs, even though the ‘environment or development’ dilemma is commonly emphasized. Low levels of inclusion of MES in the strategic documents of Polish municipalities may be caused by (i) low environmental awareness, (ii) underdeveloped institutions, and (iii) poor implementation of sustainable development principles.
There is a considerable gap linking human dimensions and marine ecosystem services with Sustainable Development Goals, and one of these issues relate to differing perspectives and ideas around ...concepts of human development. There is also a lack of contemporary evaluations of coastal communities from developing nations under the lens of wellbeing and social vulnerability indexes. This study contributes to that discussion by presenting an analysis of Brazilian coastal municipalities, based on two indexes: The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI). These indicators intend to map some aspects of social well-being and development in the Brazilian territory under different perspectives. MHDI illustrates the average population conditions in a certain territory for humans to thrive, while the SVI points more specifically to the lack of assets necessary for wellbeing in a territory. The main aims are to map inequalities between coastal municipalities based on these two indexes and to provide a critical view reinforcing the importance of also considering natural capital as a key issue for wellbeing. Both indexes were developed with data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics Census of 2010, the most recent one available for municipalities. Overall, 65.9 and 78% of a total of 387 Brazilian coastal municipalities assessed were ranked below SVI and MHDI country average values, respectively. Both indexes indicated higher human development conditions in Southern municipalities than in Northern ones, especially for income and education conditions, also showing large heterogeneity of discrepancies among and within regions. The importance of combined approaches for local socioeconomic wellbeing improvements, as measured by the MHDI and the SVI, and natural capital optimization seems essential for improvements in coastal communities’ quality-of-life conditions.
The recently adopted maritime spatial plan for Polish sea waters promotes offshore wind farm (OWF) development. The study’s identification of the local municipalities affected by offshore development ...was based on the plan’s provisions. Through the analysis of the plan and literature findings, both positive and negative impacts of future OWF development were identified and examined. Such an analysis seems to be a precondition for the more active engagement of local stakeholders in the debate on the ways in which to best utilize the new opportunities created by the plan and cope with the threats resulting from maritime spatial planning (MSP). The key impacts recognized by the local business stakeholders have been related to landscape pollution and fishing limitations. Stakeholders less frequently have noticed positive impacts of MSP such as development of a new form of tourism. Up to this point, small municipalities have not undertaken sufficient action, and there is a lack of communication between developers, marine planners and coastal communities. Planners have not assessed the impact of their plan on local economic development. The proposed remedies cover standard actions related to communication, education and dialogue, but in addition to that, a consolidated action of local municipalities on how to capitalize on OWF development has been proposed. The first step proposed is preparation of a joint strategy by coastal municipalities addressing this issue.
El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar el índice de aptitud de los municipios de Baja California Sur para la instalación de concentradores fotovoltaicos. La metodología propone un modelo de aptitud que ...incorpora seis indicadores socioambientales explícitos en términos espaciales con asignación de su contribución diferenciada o pesos por medio de análisis multicriterio. Los resultados muestran que la irradiación horizontal anual promedio en Baja California Sur es de 6.19 kW h/m2/día en el periodo 1998-2014. De la superficie total en el estado, 5.25% es viable para la instalación de concentradores fotovoltaicos. Comondú, Mulegé y La Paz presentaron los mayores valores de aptitud. Los indicadores predominantes del modelo son la red carretera, la red eléctrica y las zonas con pendientes de ˂4°. El estudio se limitó a analizar la influencia de los indicadores socioambientales en la ubicación de sistemas de concentradores fotovoltaicos. La metodología podría replicarse en otras regiones para facilitar la toma de decisiones. Los resultados sugieren que los tres municipios de Baja California Sur mencionados son los más favorables en términos socioambientales para la instalación de dichos concentradores.
El análisis de la dinámica demográfica de los 94 municipios con costa de Cuba ha permitido obtener las siguientes regularidades; el 50 % de los municipios costeros a partir de 1990 y hasta 2010 ...manifiestan una tendencia marcada al crecimiento. De sus componentes, el comportamiento de la fecundidad se torna similar a lo que ocurre a escala nacional, aunque con diferencias regionales entre los valores extremos de su comportamiento, por su parte la mortalidad presenta la tendencia a que los municipios se clasifiquen con valores de altos y muy altos, lo que unido a los bajos y muy bajos valores de fecundidad denotan crecimientos naturales muy bajos e incluso hasta negativos, concentrándose a su vez hacia la región occidental y con fuerza hacia los territorios más envejecidos. El 72,6 % de los municipios costeros se comportan como medianos y altos emisores, y la totalidad de los altos receptores está localizada en la región occidental.
Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es saber si los turistas nacionales conocen la calidad bacteriológica del agua de mar de los sitios que visitaban en los municipios de San Blas, Compostela y Bahía ...de Banderas del estado de Nayarit. El estar oportunamente informados de los comunicados que emiten las autoridades ambientales y de salud, sobre la calidad del agua de mar de los principales destinos de playa y que podría representar una herramienta de suma importancia para planear el desplazamiento para el disfrute de los destinos de sol y arena, para entrar en contacto con aguas para la recreación y esparcimiento. Se conoce, que su mala calidad podría representar en daños potenciales a la salud de quienes entran en contacto con aguas contaminadas, principalmente con enterococos fecales. En 2013, se aplicó un cuestionario a 283 turistas en las playas más visitadas de dichos municipios y, en donde se lleva a cabo el programa nacional de monitoreo sobre la calidad del agua de mar, además de ser consideradas como playas limpias. El análisis estadístico de correlación mostró aspectos importantes que podrían ser tomados en cuenta por las tres órdenes de gobierno y de los promotores turísticos de la región. Finalmente, el turista al estar informado podría evitar algún tipo de enfermedad, en donde la promoción de playas limpias representaría una mayor afluencia de visitantes y beneficios económicos a la región.
In the long history of coastal people, it has proven to be multiple uses of seaweeds. Commonly used of seaweeds became as fertilizers and soil conditions, as animal and fish feed, as biomass for ...fuel, as cosmetics, as integrated aquaculture, wastewater treatment for the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds or for the removal of toxic metals from industrial wastewater. In coastal areas with significantly high sources of algae, withered leaves and parts of the root system of the plants, regularly washed up on the shores, where they accumulate in thick layers mixed with sand and organic residues. Despite the many benefits and seaweed contribution to the protection of coastal ecosystems, coastal municipalities every year at the beginning of the summer season are removing these deposits. Once removed from the shores, this seaweed biomass generally ends up in the landfills. The management of rich seaweed residues on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in Sweden is aimed at the identification of the seaweed species among the coastal area and its transformation into a green alternative energy source. The present study deals with the exploration of the Baltic Sea biomass as a fuel for energy production. The sources of aquatic bioenergy are analysed, while technologies used to convert aquatic plants to biofuels will be also examined in the near future.
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