Cognitive Deficiency in Cannabis Consumers Rahadian, Wurgan; Respati, Abraham Sabda; Wimbarti, Supra ...
Buletin Psikologi Universitas Gadjah Mada. Fakultas Psikologi,
12/2021, Letnik:
29, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
While being the most abused psychoactive substance (PS), cannabis is also the least researched PS (especially) in Indonesia. Since 24% of total PS abusers within the last year is students, we could ...only form an a priori on what cannabis consumption might lead to for the cognitive functions of the students. A study to explore what would happen to cognitive functions due to cannabis consumption is important. This article aims (1) to explore the effects induced by cannabis to human cognitive functions and (2) to explore which part of the brain correlated with cognitive functions affected by cannabis consumption. We conduct a literature review to answer the questions. This article shows that there is no clear conclusion whether cannabis induced positive or negative effects to human cognitive functions. It is due to various sampling technique used by the studies cited within this article. Several rationalizations stated to support our finding.
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Ample epidemiological evidence suggests a strong correlation among diet, lifestyle factors and the onset and consolidation of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been ...demonstrated that AD, diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease are strongly interconnected pathologies. Preventive strategies and nutritional interventions seem to be promising approaches to delay neurocognitive decline and reduce the risk of AD and other non-psychiatric co-morbidities. In this regard, healthy dietary patterns, characterized by high intake of plant-based foods, probiotics, antioxidants, soy beans, nuts, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a low intake of saturated fats, animal-derived proteins, and refined sugars, have been shown to decrease the risk of neurocognitive impairments and eventually the onset of AD. Here we review the role of some nutrients and, in particular, of healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet and other emerging healthy diets, DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) and MIND (Mediterranean-DASH dietIntervention for Neurodegenerative Delay), for the maintenance of cognitive performance, focusing specifically on human studies. The beneficial effects associated with overall diet composition, rather than single nutrient supplementations, for the prevention or the delay of AD and dementia are discussed.
Yoga, an ancient Indian system of thought as well as practice is very pertinent to the treatment and prevention of psychological disorders, as well as the maintenance and promotion of physical and ...psychological well-being. Yoga focuses on retraining or educating the mental processes. Meditation has been used in recent years to help people attain health, cure diseases, and useful in many kind of health related problems. Taken together, this system provides a way of life that enhances a sense of well-being in people. The present study was an attempt to explore impact of yoga and meditation on cognitive functions of students. Results obtained in the study shows that there are significant differences were present in the yoga practicing students than non- yoga practicing students.
Yoga, an ancient Indian system of thought as well as practice is very pertinent to the treatment and prevention of psychological disorders, as well as the maintenance and promotion of physical and ...psychological well-being. Yoga focuses on retraining or educating the mental processes. Meditation has been used in recent years to help people attain health, cure diseases, and useful in many kind of health related problems. Taken together, this system provides a way of life that enhances a sense of well-being in people. The present study was an attempt to explore impact of yoga and meditation on cognitive functions of students. Results obtained in the study shows that there are significant differences were present in the yoga practicing students than non- yoga practicing students.
•VLPFC, anterior insula and SMA were activated independent of regulation strategy.•VLPFC and PCC were recruited during up- and down-regulation of emotion.•Down-regulation of emotions was associated ...with more right-lateralized activity.•Up-regulating emotions more strongly modulated activity in the ventral striatum.•The emotion regulation network was found to be largely stimulus-independent.
Emotion regulation comprises all extrinsic and intrinsic control processes whereby people monitor, evaluate and modify the occurrence, intensity and duration of emotional reactions. Here we sought to quantitatively summarize the existing neuroimaging literature to investigate a) whether different emotion regulation strategies are based on different or the same neural networks; b) which brain regions in particular support the up- and down-regulation of emotions, respectively; and c) to which degree the neural networks realising emotion regulation depend on the stimulus material used to elicit emotions. The left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), the anterior insula and the supplementary motor area were consistently activated independent of the regulation strategy. VLPFC and posterior cingulate cortex were the main regions consistently found to be recruited during the up-regulation as well as the down-regulation of emotion. The down-regulation compared to the up-regulation of emotions was associated with more right-lateralized activity while up-regulating emotions more strongly modulated activity in the ventral striatum. Finally, the process of emotion regulation appeared to be unaffected by stimulus material.
Adult Muslims have a religious obligation to fast every day for 29-30 days in Ramadan. In fasting individuals, the level of cognition may be affected, which in turn influences the performance of ...individuals. The present study aimed to assess the possible adverse effects of Ramadan fasting on the cognitive functions of medical students in Morocco. The study was conducted on 41 male Muslim medical students, who took a neuropsychological test one week before, during (second and third weeks of Ramadan) and after Ramadan. In addition, the participants were assessed in terms of the sleep patterns, working hours, and meals. According to the findings, Ramadan fasting decreased the body weight and body mass index of the students. The tests were performed using a CogState computerized cognitive tasks battery, which examined the psychomotor function (processing speed), attention, visual learning and memory, working memory (executive function), and verbal learning and memory of the participants. The obtained results indicated no significant changes at the four test periods (P<0.05). Despite the disturbances observed in the meals, working hours, and sleep duration, Ramadan fasting had no impact on the cognitive function of the medical students.
Working memory (WM) declines with increasing age. The WM capacity is often measured by means of the computerized version of the
-back task. Although the
-back task is widely used in aging research, ...little is known about its construct validity and specific cognitive functions involved in this task. Moreover, to date, no studies analyzed the construct validity as a function of age. To this end, we conducted a study in a sample of
= 533 individuals aged between 20 and 80 years. The sample was divided into three age groups: young (20-40), middle-aged (41-60), and old (61-80 years). A number of psychometric tests was selected that measure attention, memory, and executive control to elucidate the impact of these constructs on
-back performance. A series of correlation analyses was conducted to assess the relationship between
-back performance and specific cognitive functions in each age group separately. The results show a progressive increase in reaction times and a decrease in the proportion of detected targets from young to old subjects. Age-related impairments were also found in all psychometric tests except for the vocabulary choice test measuring crystallized intelligence. Most importantly, correlations yielded different age-related patterns of functions contributing to performance in the
-back task: whereas performance was most related to executive functions in young age, a combination of attentional and executive processes was associated with performance in middle-aged subjects. In contrast, in older age, mainly attentional, verbal memory, and updating and to a lesser extent executive processes seem to play a crucial role in the
-back task, suggesting a shift of processing strategies across the lifespan.
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between basic cognitive functions and sport-specific motor skills in elite youth soccer players. A total of 15 elite youth soccer players ...aged 11-13 years performed a computer-based test battery measuring the attention window (AW), perceptual load (PL), working memory capacity (WMC), and multiple object tracking (MOT). Another set of tests was used to asses speed abilities and football-specific technical skills (sprint, change of direction, dribbling, ball control, shooting, and juggling). Spearman's correlation tests showed that the diagonal AW was positively associated with dribbling skills (
= 0.656) which indicates that a broader AW could be beneficial for highly demanding motor skills like dribbling. WMC was positively related to dribbling (
= 0.562), ball control (
= 0.669), and ball juggling (
= 0.727). Additionally, the cumulated score of all cognitive tests was positively related to the cumulated motor test score (
= 0.614) which supports the interplay of physical and psychological skills. Our findings highlight the need for more, and especially longitudinal, studies to enhance the knowledge of cognition-motor skill relationships for talent identification, talent development, and performance in soccer.
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