In We Can Do This! writing expert and Stella Writes author Janiel Wagstaff pairs examples of student writing with writing lessons. Student writing samples are extremely powerful tools for boosting ...the growth of young writers and the student samples provided in this book serve as mentor texts and the basis for each lesson. The samples are mentors that are doable for students: they highlight skills, strategies, craft moves, and traits within the reach of their intended audience. As teachers and students study the examples, they will think, I can do that! Additionally, samples that reflect the most common errors or trouble spots are included, enabling teachers to explicitly teach to these points.
Craft moves Shubitz, Stacey
2016, 2023-10-10
eBook, Book
How do you choose mentor texts for your students? How do you mine them for the craft lessons you want your students to learn?
In
Craft Moves: Lesson Sets for Teaching Writing with Mentor Texts
, ...Stacey Shubitz, co-founder of the Two Writing Teachers website, uses twenty recently published picture books to create more than 180 lessons to teach various craft moves that will help your students become better writers. Each of the 184 lessons in the book includes a publisher's summary, a rationale or explanation of the craft move demonstrated in the book, and a procedure that takes teachers and students back into the mentor text to deepen their understanding of the selected craft move. A step-by-step guide demonstrates how to analyze a picture book for multiple craft moves.
Shubitz introduces picture books as teaching tools and offers ways to integrate them into your curriculum and classroom discussions. She then shares different routines and classroom procedures designed to help students focus on their writing during the writer's workshop as well as focusing how teachers can prepare for small group instruction. Using picture books as mentor texts will help your students not only read as writers and write with joy but also become writers who can effectively communicate meaning, structure their writing, write with detail, and give their writing their own unique voice.
Background: Retatrutide (RETA) is a single peptide with agonist activity at GIR, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors, which demonstrated clinically meaningful glucose- and body weight-lowering efficacy in ...participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Quality of weight loss is an important consideration in this setting. Here, we analyze the change in body composition (BC) and the ratio of absolute fat mass loss (FML) to absolute total body mass loss (TBML) after 36 weeks treatment with RETA. Methods: The phase 2, randomized double-blind study included adults with T2D. Participants received once weekly RETA 0.5, 4, 8, or 12 mg, dulaglutide 1.5 mg (DULA) or PBO. Change from baseline in TBM and BC at week 36 was assessed. The ratio of FML to TBML was assessed in treatment groups with mean TBML >5 kg (RETA 4, 8, 12 mg). On treatment data prior to discontinuation of study drug and regression methods were used for analysis. Results: 189 subjects were enrolled in the dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) sub-study and 103 had baseline and postbaseline DXA data with 13-22 in all the treatment arms. Overall baseline characteristics (55.6% female, mean age 56.0 years, BMI 35.2 kg/m2, TBM 97.0 kg, HbAlc 8.3%) were similar to those of the main study as was weight loss across the study arms. The percent reduction from baseline in TBM was 2.6%, 9.7%, 17.1%, 16.0%, 1.0%, 2.4% with RETA 0.5, 4, 8, 12 mg, DULA and PBO respectively. There was 4.9%, 15.2%, 26.1%, 23.2%, 2.6%, 4.5% percent reduction in fat mass in RETA 0.5, 4, 8, 12 mg, DULA and PBO respectively. There was 0.9%, 6.0%, 12.5%, 11.7%, -0.7%, 1.3% percent reduction in lean mass in RETA 0.5, 4, 8, 12 mg, DULA and PBO respectively. The percent body fat was significantly decreased only in the RETA arms. The ratio of FML to TBML was 0.67 in a pooled analysis of the RETA 4 mg, 8 mg, and 12 mg arms. Conclusions: In adults with T2D, RETA treatment led to improvements in body composition. The ratio of fat mass loss to total body mass loss was consistent with other weight loss regimens.
The interface between subducting oceanic slabs and the hanging wall is a structurally and lithologically complex region. Chemically disparate lithologies (sedimentary, mafic and ultramafic rocks) and ...mechanical mixtures thereof show heterogeneous deformation. These lithologies are tectonically juxtaposed at mm to km scales, particularly in more intensely sheared regions (mélange zones, which act as fluid channelways). This juxtaposition, commonly in the presence of a mobile fluid phase, offers up huge potential for mass transfer and related metasomatic alteration. Fluids in this setting appear capable of transporting mass over scales of kms, along flow paths with widely varying geometries and P–T trajectories. Current models of arc magmatism require km-scale migration of fluids from the interface into mantle wedge magma source regions and implicit in these models is the transport of any fluids generated in the subducting slab along and ultimately through the subduction interface. Field and geochemical studies of high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks elucidate the sources and compositions of fluids in subduction interfaces and the interplay between deformation and fluid and mass transfer in this region.
Recent geophysical studies of the subduction interface — its thickness, mineralogy, density, and H2O content — indicate that its rheology greatly influences the ways in which the subducting plate is coupled with the hanging wall. Field investigation of the magnitude and styles of fluid–rock interaction in metamorphic rocks representing “seismogenic zone” depths (and greater) yields insight regarding the roles of fluids and elevated fluid pore pressure in the weakening of plate interface rocks and the deformation leading to seismic events. From a geochemical perspective, the plate interface contributes to shaping the “slab signature” observed in studies of the composition of arc volcanic rocks. Understanding the production of fluids with hybridized chemical/isotopic compositions could improve models aimed at identifying the relative contributions of end-member rock reservoirs through analyses of arc volcanic rocks. Production of rocks rich in hydrous minerals, along the subduction interface, could stabilize H2O to great depths in subduction zones and influence deep-Earth H2O cycling. Enhancement of decarbonation reactions and dissolution by fluid infiltration facilitated by deformation at the interface could influence the C flux from subducting slabs entering the sub-arc mantle wedge and various forearc reservoirs.
In this paper, we consider records of fluid and mass transfer at localities representing various depths and structural expressions of evolving paleo-interfaces, ranging widely in structural character, the rock types involved (ultramafic, mafic, sedimentary), and the rheology of these rocks. We stress commonalities in styles of fluid and mass transfer as related to deformation style and the associated geometries of fluid mobility at subduction interfaces. Variations in thermal structure among individual margins will lead to significant differences in not only the rheology of subducting rocks, and thus seismicity, but also the profiles of devolatilization and melting, through the forearc and subarc, and the element/mineral solubilities in any aqueous fluids or silicate melts that are produced. One key factor in considering fluid and mass transfer in the subduction interface, influencing C cycling and other chemical additions to arcs, is the uncertain degree to which sub-crustal ultramafic rocks in downgoing slabs are hydrated and release H2O-rich fluids.
•Subduction interface exposures show great lithologic and structural heterogeneity.•Fluid and mass transport are focused by deformation at subduction interfaces.•Interface rocks show geochemical evidence of diverse closed- to open-system behavior.•Cycling of H2O and C is affected by metasomatic processes along the interface.•Geochemical processes at subduction interfaces could govern slab signatures in arcs.
Service-oriented computing (SOC) represents a paradigm for building distributed computing applications over the Internet. In the past decade, Web services composition has been an active area of ...research and development endeavors for application integration and interoperation. Although Web services composition has been heavily investigated, several issues related to dependability, ubiquity, personalization, among others, still need to be addressed, especially giving the recent rise of several new computing paradigms such as Cloud computing, social computing, and Web of Things. This article overviews the life cycle of Web services composition and surveys the main standards, research prototypes, and platforms. These standards, research prototypes, and platforms are assessed using a set of assessment criteria identified in the article. The paper also outlines several research opportunities and challenges for Web services composition.
The importance of zircon in geochemical and geochronological studies, and its presence not only in aluminous but also in alkaline rocks, prompted us to think about a new zircon saturation model that ...can be applied in a wide range of compositions. Therefore, we performed zircon crystallization experiments in a range of compositions and at high temperatures, extending the original zircon saturation model proposed by Watson and Harrison (Earth Planet Sci Lett 64:295–304,
1983
) and Boehnke et al. (Chem Geol 351:324–334,
2013
). We used our new data and the data from previous studies in peraluminous melts, to describe the solubility of zircon in alkaline and aluminous melts. To this effect, we devised a new compositional parameter called
G
3
·
Al
2
O
3
+
SiO
2
)
/
(
Na
2
O
+
K
2
O
+
CaO
+
MgO
+
FeO
(molar proportions), which enables to describe the zircon saturation behaviour in a wide range of rock compositions. Furthermore, we propose a new zircon saturation model, which depends basically on temperature and melt composition, given by (with 1σ errors):
ln
Zr
=
4.29
±
0.34
-
1.35
±
0.10
·
ln
G
+
0.0056
±
0.0002
·
T
∘
C
where Zr is the Zr concentration of the melt in µg/g,
G
is the new parameter representing melt composition and T is the temperature in degrees Celsius. The advantages of the new model are its straightforward use, with the
G
parameter being calculated directly from the molar proportions converted from electron microprobe measurements, the temperature calculated given in degrees Celsius and its applicability in a wider range of rocks compositions. Our results confirm the high zircon solubility in peralkaline rocks and its dependence on composition and temperature. Our new model may be applied in all intermediate to felsic melts from peraluminous to peralkaline compositions.
The end of major orogenic episodes is marked by uplift and erosion, transcurrent to extensional tectonic regimes induced partly by gravitational collapse of the thickened crust, partly by ...delamination of the lithosphere, and emplacement of voluminous igneous formations. This period starts soon after the completion of the continent–continent collisional event. Contrasting igneous suites, regarding their nature, evolution and original sources, are emplaced. Two distinctive and successive igneous associations can be evidenced:
(i) The post-collisional association is the more complex. Peraluminous silicic rocks, bearing Al–Fe–Mg silicates, such as garnet, cordierite, and sillimanite, are coeval with metaluminous mafic–felsic igneous suites, ranging from medium-K to high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic to ultrapotassic.
(ii) The postorogenic association yields less potassic and more sodic compositions. The igneous suites, comprising mafic and felsic rocks, range from alkali-calcic metaluminous to alkaline and peralkaline. They evolve progressively into more markedly alkaline within-plate suites.
The post-collisional association identifies two contrasting sources. Peraluminous granitoids and related volcanic rocks contain frequently mafic enclaves corresponding to blobs of undercooled shoshonitic to ultrapotassic basic to intermediate magmas. The peraluminous suite originates by dehydration incongruent melting of muscovite±biotite in the continental crust. Medium-K to high-K calc-alkaline suites originate in an amphibole–spinel peridotite metasomatised lithospheric source. Shoshonitic to ultrapotassic metaluminous suites are issued from partial melting involving phlogopite of a garnet-bearing depleted lithospheric upper mantle, metasomatised by subducted material. The onset of the successive short-lived magmatic episodes is induced by lithosphere stacking and slab breakoff. Mantle-derived magmas emplaced within lower crust provide enough heat to enhance crustal anatexis and, then, they are injected into and mix with the crustal-derived liquids.
During postorogenic and within-plate episodes, commingling of mafic and felsic magmas is documented by synplutonic dykes and sills, and by mafic enclaves. Radiogenic isotope systematics suggest that coexisting mafic and felsic magmas come from the same mantle source yielding depleted but LILE-enriched compositions, with subsequent wall-rock crustal contamination. The onset of the magmatic episode is promoted by lithosphere delamination. The role played by continental crust, though still disputed, becomes increasingly minor with time to null.
The transition from post-collisional to within-plate geodynamic settings documents the waning role played by crustal anatexis in magma generation, with regard to the increasing role of enriched OIB mantle sources.
Arc magmatism is fundamental to the generation of new continental or island arc crust. However, the mechanisms that add to the chemical complexity of natural calc-alkaline magmas ranging from ...basaltic to rhyolitic compositions are debated. Differentiation mechanisms currently discussed include magma mixing, assimilation, crustal melting, or (fractional) crystallisation. In this contribution, the differentiation of arc magmas by decompression-driven crystallisation is investigated. We performed a set of equilibrium crystallisation experiments at variable crustal pressures (200–800 MPa) on a hydrous high-Al basalt (3.5 wt.% of H
2
O in the starting material) with run temperatures varying from near-liquidus conditions (1110 °C) to 900 °C. Oxygen fugacity was buffered at moderately oxidising conditions close to the NNO equilibrium. Combining these novel experiments with previous polybaric fractional crystallisation experiments (Marxer et al., Contrib Mineral Petrol 177:3, 2022) we demonstrate the effects of pressure on the crystallisation behaviour of calc-alkaline magmas with respect to liquid and cumulate lines of descent, mineral chemistry, and phase proportions. Decompression shifts the olivine-clinopyroxene cotectic curve towards melt compositions with higher normative clinopyroxene and enlarges the stability field of plagioclase. This exerts a key control on the alumina saturation index of residual liquids. We argue that near-adiabatic (or near-isothermal) decompression accompanied by dissolution of clinopyroxene entrained during residual melt extraction in the lower crust keeps arc magmas metaluminous during crystallisation-driven differentiation thereby closely reproducing the compositional spread observed for natural arc rocks.
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