Is there a new which in town? LOSS, SARA S.; WICKLUND, MARK
English language and linguistics,
12/2022, Letnik:
26, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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In spontaneous English, which clauses can deviate from traditional syntactic schemas by having a resumptive pronoun where a gap would otherwise be. Some researchers claim that such uses of which are ...not errors but rather a reanalysis. However, there is no consensus as to how which is being reanalyzed. Collins & Radford (2015) suggest that it behaves like a caseless relative pronoun; Sells (1985) and Kjellmer (1988) posit a subordinating conjunction behavior; Daalder (1989) posits a coordinating conjunction behavior; and Miller (1988: 116), Kuha (1994), Loock (2007) and Burke (2017) note that which can be replaced by both subordinating and coordinating conjunctions, but they do not commit to one over the other. Here, we present prosodic and syntactic data in which such uses of which behave more like a coordinating conjunction than like a relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction.
Syntax of Hungarian aims to present a synthesis of the currently available syntactic knowledge of the Hungarian language, rooted in theory but providing highly detailed descriptions, and intended to ...be of use to researchers, as well as advanced students of language and linguistics. As research in language leads to extensive changes in our understanding and representations of grammar, the Comprehensive Grammar Resources series intends to present the most current understanding of grammar and syntax as completely as possible in a way that will both speak to modern linguists and serve as a resource for the non-specialist. This volume provides a comprehensive overview and description of coordinate structures, the syntactic and semantic types of conjunctions, as well as the types of ellipses in sentences and short dialogues. It discusses multiple conjunctions, coordinated wh-constructions, sluicing, and sentence fragments.
Most high school students are able to write arguments. However, most students are still unable to develop complex writing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' argumentative ...writing which displays various linguistic features and cognitive characteristics, and to investigate the conjunctions that fall into several categories (addition, opposition, causal, and time), which are markers of the complexity of the students' reasoning. The method used in this research was factorial analysis because it aimed to determine the students' linguistic and cognitive features in relation to improving the quality of the students' argumentative writing. The sample in this study was 350 high school students from grades 10 to 12. Analysis was carried out on the students' written argumentative essays which were written in the context of formal or academic language, transcribed and given an analysis code. The research findings show that students are able to demonstrate complex and high-level reasoning according to their use of conjunctions in their essays. The use of conjunctions based on class is relatively low in terms of the number of addition, contradiction, causal, and temporal conjunctions in each essay. The interclass correlation analysis shows that the essay length variable is in a stable condition, while student variability is higher in relation to the use of argument types and conjunctions. Based on the results following the testing of the predictability of conjunction use on argument sophistication, it was found that conflicting conjunctions contributed positively to argument sophistication apart from other variables (essay length, topic, gender, and student socioeconomic status). Contradictory conjunctions are the most complex conjunctions used by students using the integrative perspective. These conjunctions are also used to control the length and type of essay topic. Conjunctions can also contribute to the sophistication of the students' argumentative essays.
This qualitative paper covered an in-depth investigation of using different types of conjunctions taking into consideration their meaning and functions. To investigate the common issues of using ...conjunctions and exploring the most types of conjunctions that the participants applied, ZPD was framed to develop the study. The participants were undergraduates who were studying at one of the Saudi universities. They were selected from level one who enrolled in the Grammar 1 course. The sample of the study was chosen randomly. They were divided into two groups, which were Group one and Group two. Both received the same instructions from the same instructor in the class. The difference was that group one had an opportunity to use their textbook and were allowed to discuss and receive help from their partners. Whereas, group two did not receive any help; they were supposed to structure their written texts individually. For this reason, the zone of proximal development theory was selected as a framework. The findings of the study highlighted the participants’ issues in using conjunctions, including fragment sentences, creating too-long sentences with unclear messages, and failing to use punctuations with conjunctions. Further, the results listed the conjunctions that each group used. Group two only used three familiar conjunctions, which were And, But, and Because. However, group one was better at using various conjunctions because they tried to use more types, such as And, Or, So, But, and Because. Thus, applying cooperative learning and scaffolding raised the chance of using student-centered methods in grammar classrooms.
As satellites and debris continue to proliferate in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), collision avoidance maneuvers are becoming routine for operational spacecraft, causing increasingly discontinuous ...operations. Despite the congested environment, collisions are still very unlikely events and most satellites would never actually need to maneuver during their lifetime. Maneuvers are currently performed far more than necessary because of the limited accuracy of the tracking data used for assessing collision risks, which leads to overestimates. A little explored solution is to equip satellites with sensors that enable them, whenever at risk of collision, to autonomously track the hazardous objects and refine their positional knowledge before making a maneuver decision. Unlike what is possible from ground, satellites can collect data and estimate the collision risk even shortly before a potential collision (e.g., one orbit before), improving the final prediction accuracy and reducing false alarm rates. Moreover, while most surveillance data is currently obtained through ground-based sensors, space-based observations can provide unique information as they do not suffer from atmospheric issues (e.g., diffractions, aberrations). Here, the feasibility of observing hazardous objects directly from at-risk satellites before potential collisions is corroborated by demonstrating that objects in LEO usually pass close together several times before the closest approach, providing short observation opportunities. A thorough characterization of these observing windows is performed by reconstructing and analyzing the trajectory evolution for thousands of historical conjunction events, starting from Two-Line Element (TLE) sets and using a Simplified General Perturbations 4 model (SGP4) for the propagation. Statistical analysis is performed to assess the average number and duration of the observation opportunities, the relative distances and velocities involved, and other relevant features. Results show that a satellite with a detection range of 500 km would be able in more than 80% of the cases to observe a high-risk object twice and for at least 10 s before the potential collision.
•Encounters before potential collisions can be used to make in-situ observations.•Orbital kinematics analyzed for more than 10,000 past conjunction events.•In 70% of cases, two objects pass closer than 100 km before their closest approach.•Encounters typically occur at a frequency of twice per orbit.•To observe high-risk objects in >90% of cases, detection range should be ∼ 600 km.
I investigate the interpretation of the associative plural tó/dó in Colloquial Burmese based on original fieldwork. I report that in a conjunction of associative plurals, there is an available ...reading where the named individuals in the conjunction internally satisfy the plural requirement. I call this the internal plural reading, a reading which has not been previously observed in the literature. I propose that the named individuals in a conjunction of associative plurals can satisfy each other's plural requirement if the Burmese associative plural has a meaning that ixs post-suppositional. The proposal is inspired by Brasoveanu & Szabolcsi 2013's treatment of conjunctions of additive phrases in some languages, but our proposals crucially differ in that associative plurals contribute assertive meaning rather than not-at-issue meaning.
Cohesion has long been regarded as one of the main components of successful writing. The basic assumption of this concept is that the interpretation of one element in a text is based on the ...interpretation of another in the same text. It has been noticed that Saudi EFL students seem to lack some basics in writing a cohesive paragraph. Certain conjunctions were overused, underused, or misused. The present empirical study, therefore, attempted to investigate the impact of explicit teaching of conjunctions as cohesive devices on the development of paragraph writing. The subjects of this study were 43 EFL students at a Saudi University studying in the first year. Data were collected from pre and post tests and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post test. Pedagogical implications are presented.
There is a growing interest in the phenomenon of co-predication, where a single NP appears with predicates that have incompatible selectional preferences. The phenomenon suggests that a single NP can ...stand for at least two entities and so that the truth-conditions of a co-predicative sentence are more complicated than what the surface structure indicates. In this paper, two different kinds of proposals concerning this issue are presented and discussed: conservative approaches that commit to there being just one entity that is referred by a co-predicative term; and non-conservative, but more intuitive approaches, that assign conjunctions of simple truth-conditional contents to co-predicative sentences. Meanwhile, it is argued that, although much is still unknown about co-predication, many approaches coincide in signalling that the different senses of the terms that co-predicate in a stable way are linked by particular metaphysical relations.
•Offers a review of proposals concerning co-predication.•Introduces a novel distinction: conservative vs non-conservative approaches.•Introduces novel arguments and pieces of evidence.•Discovers coincidences in very different approaches to the phenomenon.•It serves as an update on the literature.
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