The constitutional review of the provisions of the Act on Protection of and Care of Historical Monuments has so far been initiated eleven times, with the use of various procedures and with ...different results, because so far only three matters have been substantially resolved. The subject of this study is an analysis of constitutional problems diagnosed in pleadings instituting proceedings before the constitutional court. The analysis of the research material leads to the conclusion that the repeated accusation of unconstitutionality is a disproportionate interference with property rights and reveals deficits in the procedural justice mechanism of property protection. As can be seen from the Tribunal’s statements, it does not give priority to any of the values involved in the actual conflict when considering requirements for the protection of national heritage contrasted with the expectations of effective protection of the right to property, but rather seeks a solution based on the principle of proportionality.
The existence of conditional decisions becomes dynamic in constitutional review, including their use in procedural constitutional reviews. Constitutional Court Decision No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 is the ...first decision to grant the petition and use a conditional decision model. Unfortunately, as mentioned earlier, using the conditional decision model in the decision results in discourse among various parties, including government institutions, law enforcers, academics, and the general public. With the growing discourse, this research aims to analyze the compatibility of the conditional decision model in formal constitutional reviews by examining various formal constitutional review decisions and the conditional decisions handed down by the Constitutional Court. This research indicates that the conditional decision is incompatible with formal constitutional review. This can be observed from the incompatibility of conditional decisions with the regulatory design of formal constitutional reviews and their legal consequences.
En esta contribución se facilita una selección de obras que han tenido como objeto el Tribunal Constitucional. Se incluyen monografías, contribuciones a trabajos colectivos y artículos de revistas ...científicas estructuradas de acuerdo a los aspectos generales de la jurisdicción constitucional, la composición y la organización del Tribunal Constitucional y sus funciones, el control de constitucionalidad, la resolución de conflictos y el recurso de amparo constitucional, tras una nota preliminar.
El artículo pretende, en primer lugar, presentar el estatus específico del Tribunal Constitucional portugués según la Constitución, su papel destacado dentro del sistema de control de ...constitucionalidad portugués, así como la muy amplia gama de competencias del Tribunal que han aumentado en los últimos años. En segundo lugar, aborda cuatro décadas de su actividad judicial, destacando algunos datos estadísticos, así como algunos pilares de la jurisprudencia, que ilustran tanto la diversidad de las cuestiones constitucionales abordadas como su relevancia en la protección de los Derechos Fundamentales. Por último, el texto se centra en algunas de las problemáticas jurídicas actuales a las que se ha enfrentado y enfrenta el Tribunal, incluidas las relativas al Derecho Internacional y europeo, que eventualmente pueden conducir a alguna modificación de las normas jurídicas vigentes.
Since its enactment in 1948, the Military Selective Service Act (MSSA) has required men, but not women, to register for a potential military draft. The MSSA previously withstood constitutional review ...when, in 1981, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the statute’s sex-based classification under the rationale that the purpose of the MSSA was to raise combat troops in the event of a military crisis. Because women were not allowed to participate in combat, the Court held that the statute did not need to extend the registration requirement to women. In 2013, however, the Department of Defense eliminated all combat restrictions on women. With that policy change, the rationale for the Supreme Court’s earlier decision collapsed. Since the change allowing women to participate in combat, the MSSA has come under renewed scrutiny, with a 2019 federal district court decision holding that the statute violates the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. That decision was subsequently reversed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, but the Fifth Circuit declined to consider the merits of the district court decision and, instead, based its reversal solely on the rationale that only the Supreme Court may reverse itself. In addition, a blue-ribbon commission established by the U.S. Congress recommended in 2020 that lawmakers amend the MSSA to extend the registration requirement to women. This Article provides background relating to the current controversy over whether to amend the MSSA to require women to register for the draft. It argues that the existing sex-based classification in the statute fails to advance the MSSA’s purposes. Moreover, the sex-based classification relies on archaic generalizations about the role of women, is a detriment to America’s national security,and undermines sex equality. The Article contends that the MSSA violates the Fifth Amendment and should be amended by Congress.
The Italian Constitutional Court (ItCC) has shown a recent trend towards a "re-centralization" of constitutional review. This inclination represents the Court's attempt to "regain" the space that it ...had conceded to both national and supranational judges, but it also lies within a wider perspective, which includes the legal, political, cultural, and social context within which the Court works. In fact, although the national rules regulating the ItCC's functions remain unaltered, the latter's role seems nevertheless to change across time, thus suggesting that change occurs elsewhere. In other words, as the context changes so do the Court's role, its case-law, and its jurisprudential practice. The second thesis the Author emphasizes is the idea that the context deeply affects the development of the ItCC's doctrines. An understanding of the past becomes helpful to comprehend both the present and the dynamics that underlie the Court's relationship with the legislator, ordinary judges, and the doctrine. An overview of the past is also useful to highlight that the ItCC's peculiarities surfaced from the very beginning of its experience, and that it was through those same characteristics that the Court strengthened its action and role. Although the national rules regulating the Court's functions remain unaltered, the latter's role and doctrines seem nevertheless to change across time: this is because it is the context that changes. The first and second thesis come together and merge into the third and final one, which conveys the idea that the judicial seasons' diversities, as well as the doctrines' evolutions across time, reflect the ItCC's constant attempt to board as much legitimization as possible. Although it is still not possible to fully grasp the achievements produced by the judicial season of "re-centralization" that is still under way, it is fair to say that the Court has proved to be not merely a sentinel that guards the borders between functions and powers, but rather a body that is fully merged within the context, greatly influenced by it and deeply concerned with keeping constitutionally sound and efficient relations among powers. E or what concerns its relationship with political discretion, the evolution of its doctrines has opened the door to possible conflicts with the legislator, as well as with ordinary judges and the E U legal order; however, these frictions have always existed and they have repeatedly surfaced in the history of the Italian legal order.
Desde hace algunos años, en algunos países europeos la pérdida de la calidad de las leyes ha llegado a percibirse como una amenaza para el Estado de Derecho. Por eso, algunos tribunales ...constitucionales han abandonado su habitual autocontención en la revisión de los defectos de técnica legislativa para pasar a realizar un control más intenso al respecto. Así, en Alemania, Francia e Italia, a partir de disposiciones constitucionales muy generales, los tribunales constitucionales emplean parámetros tales como la inteligibilidad, accesibilidad y claridad de las leyes, y en los años más recientes son relativamente habituales las declaraciones de inconstitucionalidad. Este artículo se centra en examinar la jurisprudencia constitucional recaída sobre el principio de seguridad jurídica explícitamente consagrado en la Constitución española, con el principal objetivo de valorar si también nuestro Tribunal Constitucional se suma a esa tendencia a controlar de forma más estricta la falta de calidad de las leyes.
Desde los mismos orígenes de nuestro Estado autonómico se pusieron sobre la mesa dos visiones diferenciadas e incompatibles de aquellos rasgos esenciales sobre los que se asentaría en gran medida ...nuestro modelo constitucional de descentralización territorial del poder. Dos visiones que han estado igualmente presentes, y en liza, en el desarrollo de otros sistemas de descentralización de nuestro entorno occidental y que se pueden reconducir a los conceptos de federalismo dual y de federalismo cooperativo/coercitivo. De la interpretación de nuestro modelo, realizada por el Tribunal Constitucional se deriva que el grado de autogobierno autonómico es variable y dinámico, pues lo que puedan o no puedan hacer los poderes autonómicos va a depender de como haya ejercido en la práctica sus competencias constitucionales el Estado.
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