Chitosan, chitooligosaccharides and their derivatives' production and use in many fields may result in their release to the environment, possibly affecting aquatic organisms. Both an experimental and ...a computational approach were considered for evaluating the effects of these compounds on Lemna minor. Based on the determined ECsub.50 values against L. minor, only D-glucosamine hydrochloride (ECsub.50 = 11.55 mg/L) was considered as "slightly toxic" for aquatic environments, while all the other investigated compounds, having ECsub.50 > 100 mg/L, were considered as "practically non-toxic". The results obtained in the experimental approach were in good agreement with the predictions obtained using the admetSAR2.0 computational tool, revealing that the investigated compounds were not considered toxic for crustacean, fish and Tetrahymena pyriformis aquatic microorganisms. The ADMETLab2.0 computational tool predicted the values of IGCsub.50 for Tetrahymena pyriformis and the LCsub.50 for fathead minnow and Daphnia magna, with the lowest values of these parameters being revealed by totally acetylated chitooligosaccharides in correlation with their lowest solubility. The effects of the chitooligosaccharides and chitosan on L. minor decreased with increased molecular weight, increased with the degree of deacetylation and were reliant on acetylation patterns. Furthermore, the solubility mainly influenced the effects on the aqueous environment, with a higher solubility conducted to lower toxicity.
The daily use of cosmetics may expose consumers to localized skin problems and systemic effects caused by absorption of chemical elements. The requirements for suitable quality control and maximum ...limits for toxic and potentially toxic elements in cosmetics have attracted the attention of the scientific community and of the official institutions around the world. Maximum limits for chemical elements in some cosmetics have been set, but there are disagreements between them. In the same context, many analytical methods have been proposed in the literature, but several challenges during the sample preparation and determination steps related to the high complexity of cosmetics’ matrices composition still remain. It is extremely difficulty to establish suitable methods, free of interference, even using modern technology. In this review, methods for determining toxic and potentially toxic elements in cosmetics used for make-up on the lips and on the eye area, covering the period since 2000, are presented. Techniques enabling direct analysis and those requiring a sample preparation step prior to the analysis are also discussed. This review focused on cosmetics for make-up on the lips and on the eye area because the risks of percutaneous absorption and oral ingestion of toxic and potentially toxic elements is higher than in other body regions.
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•Trends and challenges for determination of elements in cosmetics used for make-up are discussed.•Cosmetics composition and problems associated with the presence of toxic elements are presented.•Sample preparation methods and techniques for analysis of cosmetics are detailed and discussed.•Advantages and disadvantages of analytical methods reported in literature are discussed.•Direct analysis methods used for cosmetics are covered.
Synopsis
World consumers are nowadays more focused on their health and appearance. This trend is creating heightened demand for products formulated with natural and nutraceutical ingredients. ...Functional ingredients and innovative delivery systems are driving the new product development in the field of cosmetics. A significant number of innovative formulations are now being used in personal care with real consumer‐perceivable benefits and optimized sensory attributes, resulting in an economic uplift of cosmetic industry. In fact, the U.S. market alone for novel cosmetic delivery systems has been projected to be more than $41 billion for the year 2007. Novel cosmetic delivery systems reviewed here possess enormous potential as next‐generation smarter carrier systems.
Contaminated Makeup Widely Available in Europe Segura, Luis; Kalia, Vrinda; Davila, Mila González
American journal of public health (1971),
04/2021, Letnik:
111, Številka:
4
Journal Article
A language influences another language in different ways. Ruler's language may influence the languages of ruled and vice-versa. The languages of the external traders and preachers may influence the ...local languages. Thus, we can say that when two or more cultures or languages come into contact, they are bound to influence each other in various ways, i.e., whenever there is a cultural contact of any form, there is also a linguistic contact. Borrowing is one of the outcomes of this contact and when borrowing takes place, some changes in phonological contents of the original words seem to be usual. Urdu has borrowed many words from the western cultures and languages because of the western colonization in India and Portuguese is one of them. Urdu has many loan words, which have been borrowed from Portuguese with some phonological modifications. To be more specific, the present paper shows in detail, how lexical items, when borrowed from an alien-language into a native language (in the case of Portuguese and Urdu respectively), undergo many phonological changes and are restructured according to the morphological patterns of a borrowing language. Keywords: Borrowing, Language contact, Phonological changes.
Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater is recognized as a promising technology. However, photocatalyst Bisub.2Osub.3 responds to visible light and suffers from low quantum ...yield. In this study, the α-Bisub.2Osub.3 was synthetized and used for removing Clsup.− in acidic solutions to transform BiOCl. A heterostructured α-Bisub.2Osub.3/BiOCl nanosheet can be fabricated by coupling Bisub.2Osub.3 (narrow band gap) with layered BiOCl (rapid photoelectron transmission). During the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), the Bisub.2Osub.3/BiOCl composite material presented excellent photocatalytic activity. Under visible light irradiation for 60 min, the Bisub.2Osub.3/BiOCl photocatalyst delivered a superior removal rate of 99.9%, which was much higher than pristine Bisub.2Osub.3 (36.0%) and BiOCl (74.4%). Radical quenching experiments and electron spin resonance spectra further confirmed the dominant effect of electron holes hsup.+ and superoxide radical anions ·Osub.2 sup.− for the photodegradation process. This work develops a green strategy to synthesize a high-performance photocatalyst for organic dye degradation.
Cosmetic products are chemical substances or mixtures used on the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, whose use is intended to clean, protect, correct body odor, ...perfume, keep in good condition, or change appearance. The analysis of cosmetic ingredients is often challenging because of their huge complexity and their adulteration. Among various analytical tools, mass spectrometry (MS) has been largely used for compound detection, ingredient screening, quality control, detection of product authenticity, and health risk evaluation. This work is focused on the MS applications in detecting and quantification of some common cosmetic ingredients, i.e., preservatives, dyes, heavy metals, allergens, and bioconjugates in various matrices (leave-on or rinse-off cosmetic products). As a global view, MS-based analysis of bioconjugates is a narrow field, and LC- and GC/GC×GC-MS are widely used for the investigation of preservatives, dyes, and fragrances, while inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS is ideal for comprehensive analysis of heavy metals. Ambient ionization approaches and advanced separation methods (i.e., convergence chromatography (UPC
)) coupled to MS have been proven to be an excellent choice for the analysis of scented allergens. At the same time, the current paper explores the challenges of MS-based analysis for cosmetic safety studies.
•Reliable contribution to the multi-preservative analysis of cosmetics based on SPME–GC–MS/MS.•Matrix effect compensation and chromatographic performance improvement.•The method is simple, rapid, low ...cost, and easy to implement for routine control.•Successfully applied in both rinse-off and leave-on cosmetic samples.
A simple methodology based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of different classes of preservatives including benzoates, bronidox, 2-phenoxyethanol, parabens, BHA, BHT and triclosan in cosmetic products. In situ acetylation and subsequent organic modifier addition have been successfully implemented in the SPME process as an effective extractive strategy for matrix effect compensation and chromatographic performance improvement. Main factors affecting SPME procedure such as fiber coating, sampling mode, extraction temperature and salt addition (NaCl) were evaluated by means of a 3×23–1 factorial experimental design. The optimal experimental conditions were established as follows: direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) at 40°C and addition of NaCl (20%, w/v), using a DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber coating. Due to the complexity of the studied matrices, method performance was evaluated in a representative variety of both rinse-off and leave-on samples, demonstrating to have a broad linear range (R2>0.9964). In general, quantitative recoveries (>85% in most cases) and satisfactory precision (RSD<13% for most of compounds) were obtained, with limits of detection (LODs) well below the maximum authorized concentrations established by the European legislation. One of the most important achievements of this work was the use of external calibration with cosmetic-matched standards to accurately quantify the target analytes. The validated methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of different types of cosmetic formulations including body milks, moisturizing creams, deodorants, sunscreen, bath gel, dental cream and make-up products amongst others, demonstrating to be a reliable multi-preservative methododology for routine control.
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