•Evaluation of 4 toxical endpoints with CAESAR models for set of cosmetic compounds.•Answer on question how the cosmetics fit into the applicability domains of models.•Determination of clusters in ...the set of cosmetics using the Self Organizing Maps.•Determination of representative compounds for clusters.
The randomly selected set of 558 chemicals from Cosmetic inventory was studied with internet accessible program package CAESAR. Four toxic endpoints were considered: mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, developmental toxicity and skin sensitization. The CAESAR program provides beside the predictions comprehensive information on applicability domain and the similarity between the considered compound and the compounds from model’s training set. This information was used to implement for clustering and classification of chemicals. As the technique the Self Organizing Maps was applied. This technique also enables us to define to each cluster the cluster indicator, i.e., the characteristic compound, which is considered as a representative for a cluster.
This work reports a systematic survey of over seventy individual pollutants in a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) receiving urban wastewater. The compounds include mainly pharmaceuticals and personal ...care products, as well as some metabolites. The quantification in the ng/L range was performed by Liquid Chromatography–QTRAP–Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry. The results showed that paraxanthine, caffeine and acetaminophen were the main individual pollutants usually found in concentrations over 20
ppb.
N-formyl-4-amino-antipiryne and galaxolide were also detected in the ppb level. A group of compounds including the beta-blockers atenolol, metoprolol and propanolol; the lipid regulators bezafibrate and fenofibric acid; the antibiotics erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, the antiinflammatories diclofenac, indomethacin, ketoprofen and mefenamic acid, the antiepileptic carbamazepine and the antiacid omeprazole exhibited removal efficiencies below 20% in the STP treatment. Ozonation with doses lower than 90
μM allowed the removal of many individual pollutants including some of those more refractory to biological treatment. A kinetic model allowed the determination of second order kinetic constants for the ozonation of bezafibrate, cotinine, diuron and metronidazole. The results show that the hydroxyl radical reaction was the major pathway for the oxidative transformation of these compounds.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays multifaceted role in regulating the various biological processes such as skin repairmen, diagnosis of cancer, wound healing, tissue regeneration, anti-inflammatory, and ...immunomodulation. Owing to its remarkable biomedical and tissue regeneration potential, HA has been numerously employed as one of the imperative components of the cosmetic and nutricosmetic products. The present review aims to summarize and critically appraise recent developments and clinical investigations on cosmetic and nutricosmetic efficacy of HA for skin rejuvenation. A thorough analysis of the literature revealed that HA based formulations (i.e., gels, creams, intra-dermal filler injections, dermal fillers, facial fillers, autologous fat gels, lotion, serum, and implants, etc.) exhibit remarkable anti-wrinkle, anti-nasolabial fold, anti-aging, space-filling, and face rejuvenating properties. This has been achieved via soft tissue augmentation, improved skin hydration, collagen and elastin stimulation, and face volume restoration. HA, alone or in combination with lidocaine and other co-agents, showed promising efficacy in skin tightness and elasticity, face rejuvenation, improving aesthetic scores, reducing the wrinkle scars, longevity, and tear trough rejuvenation. Our critical analysis evidenced that application/administration of HA exhibits outstanding nutricosmetic efficacy and thus is warranted to be used as a prime component of cosmetic products.
•Hyaluronic acid plays multifaceted role in regulating the various biological processes.•Hyaluronic acid exhibits remarkable skin regenerating and collagen stimulating efficacy.•Intradermal injection of hyaluronic acid showed promising anti-wrinkle, anti-nasolabial folds, and anti-aging effects.•Hyaluronic acid based fillers exhibit strong aesthetic impact on face rejuvenation and restoration of mid-face volume.
Cosmetic skin lightening is a growing dermatologic public health problem that affects communities of color worldwide. Despite well-documented adverse health effects, cosmetic skin lightening ...continues to be a popular practice among patients of color. Given the US's changing demographics, it is critical for dermatologists to be knowledgeable about the medical impact as well as social and cultural implications of this practice. This review article aims to serve as a primer for the dermatologist on the medical and sociocultural aspects of cosmetic skin lightening, as well as an approach to discuss the issue of cosmetic skin lightening with patients. We conducted a comprehensive PubMed search using the terms 'skin lightening agents,' 'skin bleaching,' and 'depigmenting agents,' and reviewed the literature on cosmetic skin lightening products, active ingredients, and adverse side effects. Herein, we review the prevalence, ingredients, and health implications of cosmetic skin lightening products. We also provide recommendations for counseling patients who practice cosmetic skin lightening in a culturally sensitive manner.
The key issue of the safety assessment of botanical ingredients in personal care products (PCP) is the phytochemical characterisation of the plant source, data on contamination, adulteration and ...hazardous residues. The comparative approach used in the safety assessment of GM-plants may be applied to novel botanical PCP ingredients. Comparator(s) are the parent plant or varieties of the same species. Chemical grouping includes definition of chemical groups suitable for a read-across approach; it allows the estimation of toxicological endpoints on the basis of data from related substances (congeneric groups) with physical/chemical properties producing similar toxicities. The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) and Dermal Sensitisation Threshold (DST) are tools for the assessment of trace substances or minor ingredients. The evaluation of skin penetration of substances present in human food is unnecessary, whereas mixtures may be assessed on the basis of physical/chemical properties of individual substances. Adverse dermal effects of botanicals include irritation, sensitisation, phototoxicity and immediate-type allergy. The experience from dietary supplements or herbal medicines showed that being natural is not equivalent to being safe. Pragmatic approaches for quality and safety standards of botanical ingredients are needed; consumer safety should be the first objective of conventional and botanical PCP ingredients.
Fish collagen garnered significant academic and commercial focus in the last decades featuring prospective applications in a variety of health-related industries, including food, medicine, ...pharmaceutics, and cosmetics. Due to its distinct advantages over mammalian-based collagen, including the reduced zoonosis transmission risk, the absence of cultural-religious limitations, the cost-effectiveness of manufacturing process, and its superior bioavailability, the use of collagen derived from fish wastes (i.e., skin, scales) quickly expanded. Moreover, by-products are low cost and the need to minimize fish industry waste's environmental impact paved the way for the use of discards in the development of collagen-based products with remarkable added value. This review summarizes the recent advances in the valorization of fish industry wastes for the extraction of collagen used in several applications. Issues related to processing and characterization of collagen were presented. Moreover, an overview of the most relevant applications in food industry, nutraceutical, cosmetics, tissue engineering, and food packaging of the last three years was introduced. Lastly, the fish-collagen market and the open technological challenges to a reliable recovery and exploitation of this biopolymer were discussed.
While applying cosmetic sprays (pump sprays and propellant-based sprays) intended for use on the skin or hair, consumers may unintentionally inhale sprayed droplets/particles. Thus, it is essential ...to analyze the size distribution of sprayed droplets/particles because those less than 10 μm are considered to be respirable and may present a high systemic and local exposure risk. In this study, we investigated the droplet/particle size distribution of 78 cosmetic sprays by laser diffraction. Our results showed that the level of respirable droplets/particles released by pump sprays averaged 0.5% of all particles measured (0.00%–2.23%) and that released by propellant-based sprays averaged 15.25% (0.15%–32.27%). Dry shampoos (powder) released the highest percentage of respirable droplets/particles (16.66%–32.27%). A default value of 25% of respirable droplets/particles can also be suggested for dry shampoos. Droplet/particle size distribution was influenced by the spray dispensing system (pump or propellant-based), the product type (hairspray, sunscreen, etc.) and the galenic form (powder, oil, emulsion, etc.). However, it should be noted that more confidence is placed in the pump spray data due to the larger sample size. This study provides data on droplet/particle size, which may be used in a modelling approach to predict inhalation exposure. Therefore, it must be known and used, together with assessments of intrinsic and local toxicities to determine the margin of safety of the product by inhalation route, and to assess the risk of cosmetic sprays.
•The particle size distribution of 78 cosmetic spray products was investigated.•Respirable particles released by tested pump sprays averaged 0.5%.•Respirable particles released by tested propellant-based sprays averaged 15.25%.•Distribution is influenced by spray dispensing system, product type, galenic form.•Particle size distribution improves exposure assessment to cosmetic sprays.
High biodegradation efficiencies of different emerging micropollutants were obtained with nitrifying activated sludge (NAS) working at high nitrogen loading rates (NLR), that boosted the development ...of biomass with high nitrifying activities (>1 g N-NH4+/g VSS d). Come-tabolic biodegradation seemed to be responsible for the removal of most compounds due to the action of the ammonium monooxygenase enzyme. NAS showed a different affinity for each compound, probably due to steric hindrance, activation energy limitations or the presence of specific functional groups. Increasing loading rates of micropollutants were removed at shorter hydraulic retention times, although the biodegradation efficiencies of compounds with slow/intermediate kinetics, such as fluoxetine, erythromycin, roxithromycin and trimethoprim, diminished due to kinetic and/or stoichiometric limitations. Solids retention time, always above the minimum to avoid the washout of nitrifiers, did not enhance the biodegradation of any of the selected compounds, with the exception of diclofenac. Regarding sorption, the solid–liquid distribution coefficients (Kd) obtained in NAS were very similar to those found in conventional activated sludge by other authors. No correlation between Kd values and any of the operational parameters was found for the selected substances.
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► The fate of 11 emerging contaminants was determined in a pure nitrifying reactor. ► Influence of nitrifying activity, hydraulic and solids retention time was evaluated. ► Sorption coefficients in pure nitrifying sludge were determined. ► Cometabolic biodegradation of some compounds was observed. ► Kinetic and/or stoichiometric limitations compromised biodegradation of some compounds.
Why some women look young for their age Gunn, David A; Rexbye, Helle; Griffiths, Christopher E M ...
PloS one,
12/2009, Letnik:
4, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The desire of many to look young for their age has led to the establishment of a large cosmetics industry. However, the features of appearance that primarily determine how old women look for their ...age and whether genetic or environmental factors predominately influence such features are largely unknown. We studied the facial appearance of 102 pairs of female Danish twins aged 59 to 81 as well as 162 British females aged 45 to 75. Skin wrinkling, hair graying and lip height were significantly and independently associated with how old the women looked for their age. The appearance of facial sun-damage was also found to be significantly correlated to how old women look for their age and was primarily due to its commonality with the appearance of skin wrinkles. There was also considerable variation in the perceived age data that was unaccounted for. Composite facial images created from women who looked young or old for their age indicated that the structure of subcutaneous tissue was partly responsible. Heritability analyses of the appearance features revealed that perceived age, pigmented age spots, skin wrinkles and the appearance of sun-damage were influenced more or less equally by genetic and environmental factors. Hair graying, recession of hair from the forehead and lip height were influenced mainly by genetic factors whereas environmental factors influenced hair thinning. These findings indicate that women who look young for their age have large lips, avoid sun-exposure and possess genetic factors that protect against the development of gray hair and skin wrinkles. The findings also demonstrate that perceived age is a better biomarker of skin, hair and facial aging than chronological age.
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