The antioxidant capacity (AOC) of black currant, blueberry, raspberry, red currant, and cranberry extracts was determined using the FRAP assay. In addition, the vitamin C content of the berries was ...determined and phenolic and polyphenolic compounds in the extracts were analyze by reversed-phase HPLC-PDA-MS3 and by reversed-phase HPLC-PDA with an online antioxidant detection system. A complex spectrum of anthocyanins was the major contributor to the AOC of black currants and blueberries, whereas the lower AOC of red currants and cranberries was due mainly to a reduced anthocyanin content. Raspberries also had a lower anthocyanin content than black currants and blueberries, but there was only a slight decline in the AOC because of the presence of the ellagitannins sanguin H-6 and lambertianin C, which were responsible for 58% of the HPLC-AOC of the berries. Vitamin C was responsible for 18−23% of the HPLC-AOC of black currants, red currants, and cranberries and for 11% of that of raspberries but did not contribute to the AOC of the blueberry extract that was examined. Seven percent of the HPLC-AOC of the cranberry extract was attributable to procyanidin dimers. However, the contribution of polymeric proanthocyanidins to the AOC of the five berries was not determined as when analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC these high molecular weight flavan-3-ols are either retained by the column or eluted as a broad unresolved band.
► Emotion measures provide additional data beyond liking. ► Emotional response to a beverage can be separated into two dimensions. ► The two dimensions can be described as pleasantness and level of ...activation/engagement. ► Using both literature and the consumer for emotional lexicon development is recommended. ► Subsequent rating of all terms that apply is also endorsed.
With the rapid proliferation of new products into the marketplace, understanding emotional responses may offer a differential advantage beyond traditional hedonic measures. The objectives of this study were: to determine if emotional data provide discrimination beyond that obtained from hedonic response; to compare the effectiveness of a published predefined lexicon with that generated by the consumer; and, to evaluate the effectiveness of CATA approach compared to intensity scaling as used in EsSense Profile. To this end, the hedonic and emotional response to commercial blackcurrant squash was investigated comparing two different approaches: EsSense Profile™, in which subjects rated a predefined emotion lexicon, and check-all-that-apply (CATA) of a consumer defined (CD) lexicon. Both approaches yielded emotional data that clearly discriminated across the products more effectively than the hedonic scores. Both EsSense and CD-CATA data produced similar emotional spaces and product configurations. In each method, a two dimensional structure (pleasantness vs. engagement/activation) was observed within the product space which corresponded to published circumplex models of emotional response. However, the latter observation was more evident in the CD-CATA approach. The consumer defined lexicon provided a rich and more balanced list of positive and negative emotions specific to the product category although it did lack some terms found to be differentiating on the EsSense lexicon. Also the qualitative nature of the data obtained from CD CATA, limited the extent of the statistical analysis, making it difficult to make the clear inferential conclusions obtained with EsSense Profile. For future emotional studies a hybrid approach, whereby the emotion lexicon is developed combining consumer input and published emotion lists, and is then used to evaluate products using a rate-all-that-apply (RATA) procedure, is proposed.
. Currants and gooseberries are part of the category of consumer goods, being appreciated both for their special taste and for their healing properties, being very rich in antioxidants and bringing ...health benefits, and for this reason they are used in food and pharmaceutical industry. The paper presents: the description of the area chosen for the establishment of the plantation, the currant and gooseberry varieties, diseases and pests, the planting technology, maintenance and harvesting of the fruits and the economic analysis of the business.
Ribes are essential berry crops in the temperate zones in Eurasia and New Zealand, and viral infections are common constraints in their cultivation. Gooseberry vein banding associated virus (GVBaV) ...is vectored by aphids and has been reported from a few European countries and North America. Knowledge on how GVBaV interacts with its vectors on Ribes is still limited. The occurrence of GVBaV in cultivated and wild Ribes in various habitats was studied, focusing on germplasm collections, wild localities, home gardens and green spaces where chemical plant protection is not applied. GVBaV was confirmed for the first time in Latvia in all studied Ribes groups except Ribes×nidigrolaria, and in all habitats surveyed; however, its occurrence did not exceed 8%. Ribes alpinum and R. aureum were found as new naturally infected hosts. GVBaV was detectable in single aphid specimens by PCR and confirmed in Aphis schneideri, Cryptomyzus galeopsidis, Cryptomyzus ribis, Hyperomyzus lactucae and Nasonovia ribisnigri. Phylogenetic analyses did not reveal supported clustering related to host or geographic origin, except for GVBaV isolates in A. schneideri obtained from cultivated gooseberry. This is the first study contributing to the understanding of virus genetic diversity in its vector species in relation to the host plants. A. schneideri that feeds only on Ribes is probably a major contributor to GVBaV spread in comparison with other aphid species migrating to secondary hosts.
Ribes alpinum and Ribes aureum are new hosts for gooseberry vein banding associated virus, which has also been found in seven aphid species living on Ribes plants, which could contribute the spread of the virus.
Consumption of berries from various sources including the genus Ribes has been associated with diverse potential health benefits. The 14 examined cultivars of European gooseberry (R. grossularia L.) ...contained in various proportions the 3-glucoside (3), 3-rutinoside (4), 3-xyloside (7), 3-O-β-(6‘ ‘-E-caffeoylglucopyranoside) (8), and 3-O-β-(6‘ ‘-E-p-coumaroylglucopyranoside) (10) of cyanidin and the 3-rutinoside (6) and 3-glucoside of peonidin (5). Pigments 3, 4, delphinidin 3-rutinoside (2), delphinidin 3-glucoside (1), and minor amounts of 6, 7, and 10 were found in red flowering currant (R. sanguineum Pursh). Golden currant (R. aureum Pursh) contained 3, 4, and trace amounts of 1, 6, and 7, while alpine currant (R. alpinum L.) contained 3, 4, and trace amounts of 10. The major anthocyanins in two cultivars of jostaberries (R. × nidigrolaria Bauer), 1−4, 8, and 10, reflected that this hybrid contained the major anthocyanins of both parents, black currant and gooseberry. This is the first complete identification of 8 and the ring size of the sugar of 10. Pigment 9 was tentatively identified as cyanidin 3-(6‘ ‘-Z-p-coumaroylglucoside). This new pigment occurred in minor amounts (<2%) in all R. grosssularia and R. × nidigrolaria cultivars. No commercially available berries have been reported to contain such high proportions of aromatic acylated anthocyanins as found in the gooseberry cultivars “Samsø”, “Hinnomäki Red”, “Taastrup”, “Lofthus”, and “Glendal”, which are in this context the most obvious candidates for consumption, colorant, and breeding programs. Keywords: Anthocyanins; aromatic acylation; cyanidin 3-O-β-(6‘ ‘-E-caffeoylglucopyranoside); cyanidin 3-O-β-(6‘ ‘-E-p-coumaroylglucopyranoside); cyanidin 3-(6‘ ‘-Z-p-coumaroylglucoside); 13C NMR; Ribes; gooseberry; alpine currant; golden currant; red flowering currant; jostaberry
Abstract This study was carried out to determine the genetic relationships and variation levels among currant genotypes and cultivars in Türkiye. Ten currant cultivars and one hybrid Jostaberry ...cultivar, which are breeding products of Europe but are best known and have high commercial value in Türkiye, were used. One black-fruited currant cultivar from Türkiye was included. In addition, 14 currant genotypes naturally grown in Türkiye were used. In this study, 14 retrotransposon-based inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and 10 microsatellite-based simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used for a total of 26 currant samples. By evaluating the allele profiles obtained from PCR and capillary electrophoresis with iPBS and SSR primers, the size range, average number of alleles, total number of alleles, number of polymorphic alleles, polymorphism rate, heterozygosity, polymorphism information content, marker index and discriminating power were determined successfully. In addition, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrograms and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) were constructed and performed. The amounts of amplification product produced using iPBS and SSR markers for currant species with different fruit colours were also compared. In this study, it was proven that the level of genetic relatedness among currant cultivars and genotypes can be determined with high accuracy by iPBS markers. Moreover, the use of iPBS markers in currants was performed for the first time in this study. On the other hand, with the preferred SSR markers, the level of genetic relatedness among currants was successfully determined.
•Effective chloroplast SSR marker set was selected for Ribes plants.•Chloroplast SSR markers are very good at distinguishing between different Ribes species.•Ribes germplasm show great diversity, but ...all breeding programs work in the same direction and reduce it.
Currants and gooseberries (Ribes sp.) are important berry crops with high nutritional value, and the efficient development of new cultivars depends on the characterisation of Ribes genetic resources and successful inclusion into breeding materials. Ribes breeding programs are characterised by the extensive use of interspecific crosses to introduce required traits. In some cases, this makes it challenging to identify the genomic contribution of particular species to cultivars, thus limiting the understanding of the heredity of these traits. To clarify these issues, the present study aimed to evaluate the applicability of selected chloroplast SSR molecular markers to analyse germplasm consisting of genotypes developed through complicated multistage crosses among different Ribes species. This provides information on Ribes germplasm species composition and blackcurrant collection species structure, thus assessing the applicability and utility of the blackcurrant collection in breeding. Fifty cpSSR molecular markers previously developed for plants were assessed, and a set of 19 markers was selected for further analysis of a Ribes genetic resource collection. A set of 145 Ribes genotypes was analysed using the selected chloroplast markers: blackcurrants (R. nigrum L.), redcurrant (R. rubrum L.), European gooseberry (R. uva-crispa L.), mountain currant (R. alpinum L.), golden currant (R. aureum Pursh), R. americanum Mill., jostaberry (R. × nidigrolaria Rud.Bauer & A.Bauer), R. ussuriense Jancz., R. komarovii Pojark., R. sanguineum Pursh., R. latifolium Jancz., R. fasciculatum var. chinense Maxim., R. fragrans Pall., R. laxiflorum Pursh. and their interspecific hybrids. The cpSSR markers are suitable for differentiating Ribes species and thus are suitable for analysing germplasm collections, showing relationships regarding pedigree. The markers are good at showing the structure of a germplasm collection. However, in the case of complex interspecies crossings, identifying a specific percentage of a species within an accession cannot be guaranteed.
The hypoglycaemic effects of two Ribes sp. i.e., anthocyanin-rich black currants (BC) were compared to green currants (GC), which are low in anthocyanins to establish which compounds are involved in ...the regulation of postprandial glycaemia. We determined the effect of the currants on inhibiting carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase), intestinal sugar absorption and transport across CaCo-2 cells. The digestion of these currants was modelled using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (IVGD) to identify the metabolites present in the digested extracts by LC–MS/MS. Freeze-dried BC and IVDG extracts inhibited yeast α-glucosidase activity (P<.0001) at lower concentrations than acarbose, whereas GC and IVDG GC at the same concentrations showed no inhibition. BC and GC both showed significant inhibitory effects on salivary α-amylase (P<.0001), glucose uptake (P<.0001) and the mRNA expression of sugar transporters (P<.0001). Taken together this suggests that the anthocyanins which are high in BC have their greatest effect on postprandial hyperglycaemia by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity. Phytochemical analysis identified the phenolics in the currants and confirmed that freeze-dried BC contained higher concentrations of anthocyanins compared to GC (39.80 vs. 9.85 g/kg dry weight). Specific phenolics were also shown to inhibit salivary α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and glucose uptake. However, specific anthocyanins identified in BC which were low in GC were shown to inhibit α-glucosidase. In conclusion the anthocyanins in BC appear to regulate postprandial hyperglycaemia primarily but not solely by inhibiting α-glucosidase while other phenolics modulate salivary α-amylase, glucose uptake and sugar transporters which together could lower the associated risk of developing type-2 diabetes.
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Selected flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin) and phenolic acids (
p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic,
p-hydroxybenzoic, gallic and ellagic acids) were simultaneously detected from 19 berries ...using a simple High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method. These phenolics have been proposed to have beneficial effects on health as antioxidants and anticarcinogens. Marked differences were observed in the phenolic profiles among the berries, with certain similarities within families and genera. The major phenolic compound analyzed in the genus
Vaccinium was quercetin in lingonberry and cranberry, and its level was high also in blueberries and bilberry. In the genus
Ribes, quercetin was the main compound in gooseberry, red currant and black currant. Ellagic acid was the main phenolic compound in the berries of the genus
Rubus (red raspberry, Arctic bramble and cloudberry) and genus
Fragaria (strawberry). Our data suggest that berries have potential as good dietary sources of quercetin or ellagic acid.
•Sensory properties do not affect consumer liking and conceptualisation in the same way as product packaging.•Extrinsic product characteristics related to packaging influence abstract/functional ...conceptualisation more than sensory properties.•Sensory properties are powerful elicitors of emotion.
Thomson et al. (2010) have argued that the key to unlocking the mystery of consumer choice is to assess and measure the ‘meanings’ consumers attach in their minds to the product, which can be referred to as conceptualisations. Conceptualisations can be reduced to three broad categories: emotional, abstract and functional (Thomson et al., 2010). However, little data is available to understand how sensory attributes and packaging cues of a product evoke conceptualisations. The objectives of this study were to: (i) derive emotional, abstract and functional conceptualisation lexicons for a commercial product category; (ii) measure how these conceptualisations, and liking, change across blind, package and informed conditions; (iii) test the hypothesis that abstract/functional conceptualisations are more strongly associated with extrinsic product cues; and, finally (iv) explore the effect of package derived conceptualisations on liking and conceptualisations scores derived from product consumption experience. A lexicon to describe the conceptualisations associated with commercial blackcurrant squash was developed by consumers (n=29). A larger group of consumers (n=100) were then asked to assess their conceptual response to eleven squashes under three conditions: blind, pack and informed using Check-All-That-Apply (CATA). The findings of the study revealed that intrinsic product characteristics have more association with emotions whereas extrinsic product characteristics were more associated with abstract/functional conceptualizations. In addition, the results of the study also showed how package derived conceptualisations influenced the liking score and conceptualisations frequencies between blind and informed conditions in a small number of products. However, a more systematic experimental design is needed to further investigate the hypotheses that follow from the results obtained in this study.
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