A simplified method with Sep-Pak silica cartridge (Waters Associates) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e. anthracene (An), pyrene (Py), benzoaanthracene (BaA), ...benzobfluoranthene (BbF), benzokfluoranthene (BkF), benzoapyrene (BaP), benzog, h, iperylene (Bg, h, iP) in daily diet has been developed. The method consists of alkali digestion with sodium sulfide as an antioxidant, extraction with n-hexane, clean-up with Sep-Pak silica cartridge, determination with high-performance liquid chromatography. Recoveries (%) and coefficientsof variation (C.V.%) of 7 PAHs (50 ng-200 ng) added to 50 g of homogenized daily dist were 90.2% (An)-102.7% (Py) and 2.97% (BaA)-7.56% (BaP), respectively.
Izloženost olovu i kadmiju mjerena je na skupini od 17 žena nepušačica u Zagrebu. Praćenje je uključivalo određivanje unosa ovih elemenata putem zraka i dnevne prehrane. Primijenjena je metoda ...„dvostrukih obroka“ i osobni sakupljači čestica zraka, uzastopce tijekom sedam dana. Kao kontrola unosa ovih elemenata putem hrane poslužilo je sakupljanje i analiza fekalija. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da su vrijednosti dobivene iz fekalija pouzdanije te su one uzete za procjenu apsorpcije. Gastrointestinalna apsorpcija olova procijenjena je na vrijednost od 4,9 µg/dan, a kadmija na 0,75 µg/dan. Dnevno apsorbirana doze određena iz koncentracije elemenata u zraku daje vrijednost od 2,7 µg/dan za olovo, a 0,03 µg/dan za kadmij.
Several studies support the general conclusion that plant-based diets have a lower environmental impact than animal-based diets. These studies, however, do not account for the nutritional quality of ...diets. The main objective of our study, therefore, was to explore if accounting for nutritional quality affects the comparison of the environmental impacts of human diets varying in their percentage of animal-source food products (ASFP). We also explored whether meals or daily diets are equally suitable to compare environmental impacts of diets. Fifty peer-reviewed studies were found that examined the environmental impact of diets, generally using life cycle assessment (LCA). Only 12 of these studies were reviewed, based on five criteria: study contains more than one scenario; diet scenarios vary in their percentage of ASFP; the weight of each food product was provided; the study assessed global warming potential and/or land use; diet scenarios are not designed for specific (health) groups. For each diet described in the reviewed studies, we quantified the daily intake of nine qualifying and three disqualifying nutrients. Global warming potential and land use, as provided by the reviewed studies, were expressed in four ways: per day, per daily protein intake capped to the recommended intake level of 57 g; per daily protein intake uncapped; and per NRD9.3 (i.e. a composite nutrient score of a diet).
We concluded that the nutrient intake resulting from a meal cannot be used to assess the nutritional quality of a daily diet and, hence, the environmental impact of meals cannot be compared to that of daily diets. Studies on meals were therefore excluded from further analysis. Our results further show that daily diets that had higher percentages of ASFP were associated with higher (excess) intakes of total protein and lower values of NRD9.3. Diets that had higher percentages of ASFP were associated with higher GWPs and LU's per gram protein capped and per unit NRD9.3. Without capping protein to the recommended intake level, GWP and LU per gram of protein were generally lower for diets that had higher percentages of ASFP. Without capping, diets with higher percentages of ASFP are credited for overconsumption of protein. Since overconsumption of protein does not benefit health, we recommend capping to the recommended intake level. The effect of using NRD9.3 rather than day as functional unit was small for GWP. For LU we found no effect. When using NRD9.3 as functional unit, it must be considered that this functional unit requires more data than day or protein. Our analysis is based on a limited number of studies. Although initially a substantial number of studies were found, many of these were excluded because insufficient data were provided about diet composition, only one diet scenario was assessed, or because the studies assessed the environmental impact of meals rather than of diets. We found mainly Western-oriented diets, often designed by the researchers and not representative for actual consumption. For further research on the environmental impact of diets, we therefore recommend analysis on representative daily diets.
The aim of this study has been to measure the level of lead, cadmium, nitrates, and nitrites in the daily diets of children and adolescents from orphanages located in Krakow (Poland). Diets were ...collected over four seasons of 2009. The content of cadmium and lead was measured with flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Nitrates and nitrites in diets were measured using the Griess colorimetric method. In all orphanages, the average intake of lead with daily diets, regardless of the season, ranged from 1.11 ± 0.15 to 22.59 ± 0.07 μg/kg bw/week. The average cadmium intake by children and adolescents ranged between 3.09 ± 0.21 and 20.36 ± 2.21 μg/kg bw/week and, for all orphanages, exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) level. Daily intake of nitrates and nitrites ranged respectively from 27 to 289 % and from 9 to 99 % of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The youngest children, with lower body mass, were particularly sensitive to the excessive intakes of cadmium and nitrates.
The objective of this study was to estimate the total fat, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol intake by sportsmen practicing slalom canoe racing and ...sport-shooting.
The studies were performed at 29 slalom canoe's racing and at 23 sport's shooting sportsmen. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected in training and start period of 2009, for three selected days per week (including Friday and Sunday, due to the different, eating habits in Poland).
The obtained amount of total fats intake in average daily diet of canoeist and shooters were 29% and 34% of total energy, respectively. The saturated fatty acids delivered –16% and 17% of total energy, respectively. The percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids was in accordance with recommendations (above 10% of total energy of daily diets), whereas for n-3 family polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially the docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, were too low (below 1% of energy of daily diets). However the proper ratio of n-6 to n-3 (5–6:1) were found.
It is therefore reasonable to increase consumption of fatty sea fish, canola and flax seeds oil rich in n-3 family fatty acids by sportsmen.
L’objectif de cette étude a été d’estimer la consommation totale d’acides gras saturés, mono-insaturés, poly-insaturés et de cholestérol par des sportifs pratiquant le canoë (slalom) et le tir sportif.
Les études ont été réalisées au cours de 29 courses de slalom en canoë et de 23 séances de tir sportif. Début 2009, un journal des consommations alimentaires a été effectué, établi lors des entraînements, et collecté sur trois jours entiers par semaine (y compris les vendredis et les dimanches, en raison de la différence des habitudes alimentaires en Pologne).
La quantité totale de lipides apportés par l’alimentation quotidienne chez les canoéistes et les tireurs représentait respectivement 29 et 34% de la quantité totale de l’énergie consommée. Les acides gras saturés représentaient respectivement 16 et 17% de l’apport énergétique total. Le pourcentage d’acides gras mono-insaturés était conforme aux recommandations quotidiennes (c’est-à-dire au-dessus de 10% de l’apport énergétique total), tandis que pour la famille n-3, les acides gras poly-insaturés et en particulier l’acide docosahexaénoïque et l’acide eicosapentaénoïque, étaient apportés en trop faibles quantités (inférieures à 1% de l’apport énergétique). Cependant, un bon rapport entre les acides gras n-6 et n-3 (5–6:1) était conservé.
Il est donc raisonnable chez ces sportifs d’augmenter la consommation de poissons de mer gras, d’huile de colza, des oléagineux, et de toutes substances riches en acides gras n-3.
Objective: The objective of this study was analytical assessment of the concentration of selected antioxidants as well as total antioxidant capacity of daily diets of children and adolescents from ...orphanages in Krakow (Poland).
Methods: Daily diets of children and adolescents were collected in 4 seasons of the year from 7 orphanages located in Krakow. The concentrations of vitamin C, β-carotene, polyphenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity were measured.
Results: The lowest content of vitamin C in diets of children and adolescents was measured in diets collected in autumn. The estimated average requirement (EAR) was in the range 49.0%-76.4%. In winter the content of this compound was significantly higher in daily diets (113.9%-192.0% coverage of EAR) compared to the level of this nutrient in daily diets from other seasons. The content of β-carotene, lower than 50% of EAR value, calculated as the vitamin A equivalent, has been demonstrated in 4 orphanages in summer and in one in spring and autumn. The highest mean content of this antioxidant in daily diets was found in winter, when β-carotene intake met recommendations in the range 131%-368%. The mean concentration of polyphenolic compounds per year was in the range 301.5-537.5 mg/person/day. It has been observed that diets during the winter and autumn generally provide higher amounts of polyphenols than in other seasons. The highest antioxidant activity was measured in diets collected during the winter season.
Conclusions: The results indicate that the diets of children and adolescents should contain more fresh vegetables and fruits, which are good source of natural antioxidants.
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