Tematska številka revije Ars & Humanitas, ki je pred vami, obravnava tematiko nasilja, s posebnim poudarkom na vprašanjih, povezanih z različnimi interpretacijami in definicijami nasilja – torej z ...osrednjim vprašanjem, kako v okviru družboslovnih in humanističnih disciplin razumemo nasilje in kako ga definiramo. Tematska številka se tako dotika vprašanj kontekstualizacij določenih oblik nasilja (spolno nasilje, nasilje nad ženskami), reprezentacij nasilja v sodobnem času, v umetnosti in kulturi (literatura, likovna umetnost) ter vprašanj nasilja in šole. Zlasti slednje se zdi izrednega pomena, saj je eno ključnih vprašanj, povezanih z uspešnim bojem zoper nasilje, vprašanje ozaveščanja, ki naj se prične že v zgodnjem otroštvu. Napredek v širši družbi je mogoče doseči le z vzgojo, ki prek različnih tehnik učenja in metod dela spodbuja empatijo do sočloveka in podaja ustrezna znanja o tem, kaj je nasilje in kakšne so njegove posledice. V tematski številki smo se želeli razpravi o nasilju približati na interdisciplinarno znanstveni način.
Opća načela leksikografske obrade traže da objašnjenje značenja bude kratko i jasno, dovoljno općenito da može obuhvatiti veliki broj primjera ili gotovo svaki kontekst te dovoljno razlikovno da ...informacija koja dolazi do korisnika bude razumljiva i korisna. Uzorom se dugo smatrala logička definicija koja uključuje najbliži viši rodni pojam i specifičnu razliku, ali su leksikografi tijekom povijesti i iskustva rada na različitim rječnicima tražili i iznalazili i druge tehnike opisa značenja. Jedna je od njih leksikografska definicija koja, osim što dopušta različite pristupe pri oblikovanju samog objašnjenja značenja, ovisno o jezičnim obilježjima pojedine riječi, u širem smislu uključuje i druge elemente natuknice, poput specifičnih formalnih rješenja kao što su veličina slova ili zasebne kućice s bilješkama o upotrebi, zatim oznake registra, konceptualna povezanost s drugim natuknicama te primjeri upotrebe. U kontekstu suvremene leksikografije koja je posve usmjerena na korisničke potrebe, sve su to elementi koji sudjeluju u opisu značenja riječi, odnosno pomažu korisniku razumjeti ga i potencijalno upotrebljavati.
U ovome radu, na primjeru metoda prikupljanja i oblikovanja objašnjenja značenja frazema u Frazeološkome rječniku hrvatskoga jezika koji je u izradi, ispituju se utjecaj i uloga jezičnih i izvanjezičnih podataka koje o frazemima daje računalni korpus na kojem se temelji rječnička građa i zatim pokazuje način na koji se ti podaci integriraju u natuknicu s ciljem da rječnik što bolje odgovori idolu suvremene leksikografije – korisničkim potrebama.
V prispevku obravnavamo definicije leksemov rdeče (rouge) in infrardeče (infrarouge), ki sta si navidezno blizu na ravni označenca in označevalca. Kar razlikuje pomen obeh besed, ni le raba in ...sprejemanje (splošno védenje proti ekspertnemu znanju), pač pa tudi drugačen način razumevanja, saj se pomen leksema infrardeče (infrarouge) nanaša na realnost, ki je z vidom ne moremo zaznati. V primeru infrarouge se znanstvena definicija zdi nujna, pomen leksema rdeče pa pripada splošnemu besedišču. Definicija besede rdeče (rouge) pravzaprav predmetom pripisuje kromatične lastnosti, ki jih z znanstvenega vidika nimajo; v fiziki namreč barva ni lastnost predmeta, pač pa dolžina valov.
Znamenita Aristotelova definicija tragedije u povijesti je hrvatske filozofije i (klasične) filologije prevođena razmjerno često. Može se govoriti o desetak pokušaja, uzmu li se u obzir, osim ...cjelovitih prijevoda Aristotelove Poetike, i različita druga djela, kao što su povijesti (grčke) filozofije, ili povijesti književnih teorija i estetike. U prilogu se uspoređuju prijevodi Armina Pavića i Franje pl. Markovića. Pri tome se razmatra i odabir hrvatskih otpovjednica pri prijenosu pojedinih (temeljnih) pojmova iz grčkoga jezika u hrvatski i cjelina stavka, budući da jedno i drugo, naime odabrane prevedenice i sam »ustroj« hrvatske rečenice, redovito upućuju i na (prevoditeljevo) poimanje Aristotelova shvaćanja tragedije, ali k tomu i na razumijevanje Aristotelove filozofije umjetnosti u cjelini.
One of the most famous sentences in the whole history of aesthetics, even in the whole history of philosophy, Aristotle’s definition of tragedy (or određaj, as Franjo Marković translated the term definition), in the history of Croatian philosophy and philology has been translated several times. There are ten versions, if we take into consideration, besides the entire translations of Aristotle’s Poetics, some other works, like various histories of (Greek) philosophy, or histories of literary theories and aesthetics, because in those works, within the interpretations of Aristotle’s philosophy of art, his definition of tragedy is always considered, and its translation is given very often. The translators are these: Pavić (1869), Kuzmić (1902 and 1912), Marković (from his book The Development and the System of General Aesthetics, 1903), Bazala (from vol. I of his History of Philosophy, 1906), Šanc (from vol. I of his History of Philosophy, 1942), Šamšalović (from Croatian translation of Lessing’s Hamburg Dramaturgy, 1950), Dukat (1978 and 1983), and Švacov (from his book Antique Dramaturgy, 2014). Đurić’s Serbian translation of Aristotle’s Poetics (31955) must be taken into account too, because its influence, during some periods of Croatian recent history, was considerable. In the paper, which compares Pavić’s and Marković’ translation, the specific selection of the Croatian equivalents for the basic Greek terms is discussed, as well as the entire definition, because both, the selected Croatian words and the very »structure« of the Croatian sentence, always show translator’s understanding of Aristotle’s conception of tragedy, and usually his comprehension of Aristotle’s philosophy of art as a whole.
In different countries the profession of social work
has „done its work“ for more or less than a century.
In Lithuania its history is revived and closely related
to social transformation that has ...taken place after
the restoration of Independence in 1990. The question
of how fully, if at all, social work has achieved
professional status has been debated throughout the
last century. It is known that efforts to evaluate whether
social work is a „semi-profession“ or a „fullydeveloped“
profession have been made by J. Baird.
Already in 1972 social work was considered as a profession.
In the opinion of J. Baird to evaluate the
status of the profession depends on whether social
work is being measured by classical criteria of once
„free“ professions, or by contemporary criteria that
are relevant to helping professions which are substiantially
committed to public and governmental service
enterprise.The present picture of the professionalization
of social work has changed. American social
work’s aspirations to professionalization is a natural
process in a liberal market economy, because
the profession is created and strengthened as a result
of the personal interests of those earning a living by
it. The status of social work as a profession is not
unequivocally fixed.There are some aspects that are
considered as negative to the professionalization of
social work. Namely, the private practice of social
work which is said has been growing dynamically since
the middle of the 20th century. But with the dramatic rise of medical care, social workers are said to
return to their original mission.
The nature of professional practice in any particular
state is grounded in the historical and cultural
context as mediated through political, economical and
social systems. This makes social work difficult to
define at the global level, and attempts to identify a
universal essence of social work are problematic. Despite
this apparent difficulty, there are some general
definitions of social work.
Definitions provoke many questions. Is it possible
to develop a universal definition of social work? If
so, how well does this definition describe social work
throughout the world? Does this definition apply to
social work where I live? And the like. At the beginning
of the 21st century, the European countries have
faced many problems of a different nature. In order
to understand the nature of these problems an attempt
is made to categorize them.
Much is asked of social workers, and they are ones
that are expected to make a difference by empowering
human beings to change self and society. The conclusion
is that it is worthwhile to explore, review social
work as a profession because, according to Midgley,
there is a „need to develop a broad international approach
to the study of social work to generate a global
awareness that enhances the ability of social workers
to transcend their preocupation with the local and
There is a limited body of research in the field of healthcare improvement science (HIS). Quality improvement and 'change making' should become an intrinsic part of everyone's job, every day in all ...parts of the healthcare system. The lack of theoretical grounding may partly explain the minimal transfer of health research into health policy.
This article seeks to present the development of the definition for healthcare improvement science. A consensus method approach was adopted with a two-stage Delphi process, expert panel and consensus group techniques. A total of 18 participants were involved in the expert panel and consensus group, and 153 answers were analysed as a part of the Delphi survey. Participants were researchers, educators and healthcare professionals from Scotland, Slovenia, Spain, Italy, England, Poland, and Romania.
A high level of consensus was achieved for the broad definition in the 2nd Delphi iteration (86%). The final definition was agreed on by the consensus group: 'Healthcare improvement science is the generation of knowledge to cultivate change and deliver person-centred care that is safe, effective, efficient, equitable and timely. It improves patient outcomes, health system performance and population health.'
The process of developing a consensus definition revealed different understandings of healthcare improvement science between the participants. Having a shared consensus definition of healthcare improvement science is an important step forward, bringing about a common understanding in order to advance the professional education and practice of healthcare improvement science.
U radu je prikazan nastanak i razvoj hrvatskoga tehničkoga i prirodoznanstvenoga nazivlja. Utvrđeno je okruženje u kojem nastaje nazivlje, dakle jezik, te njegove sastavnice pojam, naziv, definicija. ...Sve je to potom primijenjeno na strukovno nazivlje. Istražen je nastanak hrvatskoga strukovnoga nazivlja, od spontanoga nastanka u općem jeziku, njegovo prvo zapisivanje u ranim hrvatskim rječnicima, preko prvih stručnih knjiga u doba uvođenja hrvatskoga jezika u škole te primjene u doba gospodarskoga razvoja i nastanka visokoga školstva. Postavljena su načela tvorbe strukovnoga nazivlja, načela prevođenja s drugih jezika te pravila primjene takva nazivlja. Na kraju je pokazana primjena rezultata tih istraživanja u odabiru i tvorbi naziva u Tehničkom leksikonu, povezanih s nazivima na svjetskim jezicima.
This paper offers an overview of the creation and development of Croatian technological and natural science terminology. The context in which terminology – language and its component concepts, terms, and definitions – developed has been determined, and then been applied to professional terminology. The development of Croatian professional terminology, from its spontaneous appearance in general language, its first recording in early Croatian dictionaries, through the first professional books from the time when the Croatian language was introduced into schools, to its application at the time of economic development and the development of higher education, has been examined. The principles of professional terminology formation, the principles of translating from other languages, and the rules of applying such terminology have been set down. The paper concludes with a description of how these research results were applied to the selection and formation of terminology in the Tehnički leksikon (Lexicon of Technology), linked to the terminology in world languages.
The article discusses a phenomenon of philosophical definitions, a common feature of almost all Greek philosophical schools, including the Pre-Socratics, and aims to cover the collection of ...Definitions, found in the Platonic corpus, and their place in the context of Greek philosophical tradition. This late interpolation is a dictionary of about 185 philosophically significant terms representing early Stoicism rather than Plato’s Academy. Defining the terms was a common practice of philosophical thinking exercise, as is rather reliably endorsed by the ample number of surviving titles of various philosophical treatises, as well as stories of Greek comedy and anecdotic accounts recorded by Diogenes Laertius in Lives of Eminent Philosophers.
In the first part of this paper, the authors analyse definitions of the term sport and its use within Croatian legal acts regarding sports (the Croatian Sports Act and bylaws of the Croatian Olympic ...Committee), as well as several international legal acts (especially those of the International Olympic Committee - IOC) on which the Croatian acts are based. The analysis shows that these acts do not clearly or precisely define the term sport. Thus, in the second part of the paper, the authors turn to the philosophy of sport research literature and its definitions of sport in order to find solutions for the sports law. In the third part of the paper, the authors present their interdisciplinary proposal – integrating four determinants of sport into a sport legal system, especially for the purpose of deciding whether a particular human activity should receive the legal status of a sport.
Znanstveno-istraživačko bavljenje strategijama učenja jezika, sporadično u 1970-im i 1980-im godinama, doživjelo je svoj vrhunac krajem 20. stoljeća, no od tada je znanstveni interes za ovo područje ...ponovno oslabio. Zatišje se može pripisati brojnim teorijskim i definicijskim nejasnoćama. S druge strane, nekadašnje zanimanje praktičara za strategije učenja jezika ni danas ne opada. Stoga ovaj rad tematizira teorijsku podlogu strategija učenja jezika kao osnovnu pretpostavku za njihovo znanstveno utemeljeno istraživanje u nastavnoj praksi stranih jezika. U prvom se dijelu rada uvidom u odabrane modele strategija učenja jezika analizira mogućnost stvaranja čvrstoga teorijskog polazišta, dok se u drugom dijelu problematizira njihovo terminološko i definicijsko određenje. Elaboriranjem ključnih problema nastoji se ukazati na nužnost njihova intra- i interdisciplinarnoga rješavanja kako bi empirijsko istraživanje imalo teorijsku podlogu te ponudilo znanstveno utemeljene pedagoške implikacije.
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