The growth of social media—and, in particular, Twitter and Facebook—has led scholars to study its effects on mass behavior and protest. But leaders are also active on social media. They use their ...accounts to communicate with domestic and international audiences. By the end of 2014, more than 76 percent of world leaders had an active presence on social media. What explains variation in their adoption and use of social media? We look at several different potential hypotheses: higher income per capita and internet penetration (modernization), social pressure, level of democratization, and geographic spread of adoption (diffusion). We find strong support that (1) increased political pressure from social unrest and (2) higher levels of democratization correlate with leader adoption of social media platforms. Although our findings are correlational, they reveal that institutional and political pressures are related to social media adoption and the political communication of world leaders.
The evolution of the EU multilevel governance unleashes new dynamics that hold a potential to contribute to the theory-building of paradiplomacy and honing of a more nuanced understanding what is to ...be understood with science diplomacy in the EU specific setting. When evaluated in the context of a broader body of literature on paradiplomacy and science diplomacy, new empirical examples from the EU macroregional governance level, such as the discussed role of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in coordinating a flagship of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region called "Baltic Science Network," should be treated with caution in terms of paying full attention to the distinct institutional environment in which a sub-national actor operates and pursues its initiatives. Keywords: Baltic Sea Region, multilevel governance, paradiplomacy, science diplomacy La evolution de la gobernanza multiniveles en la UE desencadena una nueva dinamica que podria contribuir a la teorizacion de la para-diplomacia y a una comprension mas matizada de diplomacia cientifica en el marco especifico de la UE. Cuando se evaluan en el contexto general de la literatura sobre para-diplomacia y diplomacia cientifica, los nuevos ejemplos empiricos de gobernanza macro-regional europea, como el controvertido papel de la Ciudad Libre y Hanseatica de Hamburgo en la coordination del "Baltic Science Network" como parte de la estrategia europea para la region del Mar Baltico, deben tratarse con cautela con respecto a la atencion al entorno institutional diferenciado en el que un agente sub-national opera y lleva a cabo sus iniciativas. Palabras clave: diplomacia cientifica, gobernanza multi-nivel, Hamburgo, paradiplomacia, Union Europea L'evolution de la gouvernance multi-niveaux de l'UE genere une nouvelle dynamique qui pourrait contribuer a la theorisation de la paradiplomatie et a une comprehension plus nuancee du concept de diplomatie scientifique dans le cadre specifique de l'UE. Lorsqu'ils sont evalues dans le contexte d'ensemble de la litterature sur la paradiplomatie et la diplomatie scientifique, les nouveaux exemples empiriques de gouvernance macro-regionale au sein de l'UE, tels que le role dispute de la Ville Libre et Hanseatique de Hambourg dans la coordination d'une strategie de l'UE pour la region de la mer Baltique appelee "Baltic Science Network", doivent etre traites avec prudence pour ce qui est de l'attention portee a l'environnement institutionnel distinct dans lequel un acteur sous-national opere et poursuit ses initiatives. Mots cles: diplomatie scientifique, gouvernance multi-niveaux, Hambourg, paradiplomatie, Union europeenne.
In this article, an attempt was made to determine the importance that the Ottoman Foreign Ministry gained in the foreign relations of the state over the course of a century. The process of becoming a ...permanent state institution of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs started with the resident embassies at the end of the 18th century. The study is based on the events and correspondence between 1895-1904.
The second edition of the Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, co-edited by two leading scholars in the international relations subfield of public diplomacy, includes 16 more chapters from the ...first. Ten years later, a new global landscape of public diplomacy has taken shape, with major programs in graduate-level public diplomacy studies worldwide.
What separates this handbook from others is its legacy and continuity from the first edition. This first edition line-up was more military-focused than this edition, a nod to the work of Philip M. Taylor, to whom this updated edition is dedicated. This edition includes US content, but all case studies are outside the United States, not only to appeal to a global audience of scholars and practitioners, but also as a way of offering something fresher than the US/UK-centric competition. In Parts 1–4, original contributors are retained, many with revised editions, but new faces emerge. Parts 5 and 6 include 16 global case studies in public diplomacy, expanding the number of contributors by ten. The concluding part of the book includes chapters on digital and corporate public diplomacy, and a signature final chapter on the noosphere and noopolitik as they relate to public diplomacy.
Designed for a broad audience, the Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy is encyclopedic in its range and depth of content, yet is written in an accessible style that will appeal to both undergraduate and postgraduate students.
Am 15. Februar 1989 begann mit dem Rückzug der letzten sowjetischen Einheiten über den Amu Darya die Serie jener dramatischen Ereignisse, die im Herbst 1991 mit der Auflösung der Sowjetunion enden ...sollte. Was hat die heutige Führung Moskaus aus den sowjetischen Erfahrungen am Hindukusch und ihren Folgen gelernt? Eine dreiteilige Artikelserie beleuchtet in ihrem ersten Teil den historischen Hintergrund von der Machtergreifung der Bolschewiki bis zum sowjetischen Einmarsch in Afghanistan Ende 1979. Im zweiten Teil wird das politisch-militärische Scheitern der Sowjetunion am Hindukusch analysiert. Im letzten Artikel steht die Rückbesinnung der russischen Elite auf Konzeptionen des späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts im Vordergrund. Ihre Konsequenzen reichen weit über den Hindukusch hinaus.
Keywords Medieval Diplomatics; Cartularies; Diplomacy Document Diplomatics; Medieval Diplomacy; Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Los márgenes tienen un gran tamaño, pero están distribuidos de forma ...irregular; mientras el margen inferior puede alcanzar los 60 mm, el superior se situa entre los 15 y los 20 mm. Asimismo, el margen exterior lateral tiene entre 45 y 50 mm., y el margen interior lateral solamente tiene visibles entre unos 10 y 15 mm. En la parte inferior del vuelto del último folio de cada cuadernillo aparecen los reclamos o custodias, pequeñas notas destinadas a asegurar que en el proceso de encuadernado se respete el orden correcto; estas notas se limitan a la inclusión de las primeras palabras del texto del primer folio del siguiente cuadernillo en escritura gótica cursiva. La mayor parte de esas notas se concentran en el primer documento, la copia de la primera ratificación de Richard II de Inglaterra del Tratado de Windsor de 138668, algo comprensible dada su larga vida legal y la necesidad continua de aplicarlo y renovarlo. Edt.: Silva, José Soares da, op. cit., pp. 246-266 (34).- Rymer, Thomas, op. cit., vol. 8, p. 347.- Rego, António da Silva (ed.): op. cit, vol 6, pp. 603-612 (4101) - error al datarlo en 1403; y vol. 9, pp. 117-127 (4501).
During the Cold War, thousands of musicians from the United States traveled the world, sponsored by the U.S. State Department’s Cultural Presentations program. Performances of music in many ...styles—classical, rock ’n’ roll, folk, blues, and jazz—competed with those by traveling Soviet and mainland Chinese artists, enhancing the prestige of American culture. These concerts offered audiences around the world evidence of America’s improving race relations, excellent musicianship, and generosity toward other peoples. Through personal contacts and the media, musical diplomacy also created subtle musical, social, and political relationships on a global scale. Although born of state-sponsored tours often conceived as propaganda ventures, these relationships were in themselves great diplomatic achievements and constituted the essence of America’s soft power. Using archival documents and newly collected oral histories, Danielle Fosler-Lussier shows that musical diplomacy had vastly different meanings for its various participants, including government officials, musicians, concert promoters, and audiences. Through the stories of musicians from Louis Armstrong and Marian Anderson to orchestras and college choirs, Fosler-Lussier deftly explores the value and consequences of "musical diplomacy."
En los últimos años, hemos sido testigos de la disrupción digital de la diplomacia. La proliferación global de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, y el uso masivo de redes sociales ...han abierto un nuevo conjunto de oportunidades y desafíos a los que la diplomacia ha debido hacer frente. Además de la capacidad de gestionar crisis consulares casi en tiempo real y dar forma a la imagen de un país, los diplomáticos han tenido que lidiar con llamados a formas más abiertas y transparentes de diplomacia, así como al desarrollo de un cuerpo diplomático con conocimientos de los medios digitales.
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