Diplomatic action in international relations is a global security priority in the inter-connected world. The birth of cyber diplomacy, occurred in the year 2007, which will always be remembered due ...to a wide-ranging cyber attack on Estonia. Indeed, Estonia is known for being one of the most wired countries in Europe. The attack consisted of crippled computer networks because of hackers which paralysed numerous amount of government and corporates sites. The escalation in these kinds of attacks highlighted the need for governments to formulate national cyber strategies. This sprang from the realisation that cyberspace, like the physical world, also has military and strategic dimensions and requires countries to work together to defeat cyber opponents.
Attacks within cyberspace are subject to strategically-formulated threats, which go beyond the usual physical terrorist-type threats. Global progress, democracy and peace are at stake. This makes cyber diplomacy a major issue for countries’ foreign policies, due to the interdisciplinary nature of the domain. A number of aspects are relevant in this respect: policies, politics and sociology (dread), diplomacy, digital/cyber science, multilateralism and world history.
This paper reports on a systematic literature review that was carried out to reveal the dimensions of current cyber diplomacy research. While a number of studies have introduced and defined “Cyber Diplomacy” and its associated diplomatic actions, none have sought to distinguish this field from the more traditional and well established diplomacy concept. This is a significant gap in the literature, which will be the topic of future research.
The health-foreign policy nexus is explored in this article through a case study of Nigeria that interrogates the motivation for health diplomacy and demonstrates the institutions and mechanisms for ...its conduct. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how Nigeria, since attaining independence in 1960 has attached importance to utilising health as an instrument for promoting foreign policy. The article utilizes the primary and secondary methods of data collection. The primary data were obtained from oral interviews and daily newspaper reports. It further draws upon materials from the WHO Archives in Geneva and National Archives, Ibadan. Secondary data were sourced from books, journal articles, government publications and the internet. The data generated were analysed using descriptive and content analysis. The article concludes that the Nigerian experience reveals the linkages between health and foreign policy. Health engagements in the form of aid, assistance and cooperation are used as a form of soft power that fulfils domestic and foreign policy goals, including security, economic growth and other interests However, institutional pluralism, divided responsibilities and non-professionalisation of health diplomats have marred the conduct of Nigeria's health diplomacy.
This research strives to present a comparative analysis of the vaccine diplomacy of the United States, China, India, and Russia during the COVID19 pandemic. As each of the examined countries ...possesses the technology to research and manufacture the vaccines, as well as the logistical capacity and infrastructure for their global distribution, it was natural to expect that they would start with their own vaccine diplomacy, especially in the countries and regions that are considered a priority for their national and foreign policy interests. However, each country had a different approach to the vaccine diplomacy engagement based on their vaccine manufacturing capacity and global distribution limitations. At the same time, competition was observed between the rival powers. It can be concluded that although even such a severe global crisis as the COVID-19 pandemic failed to bring closer cooperation between the great powers, such a crisis established vaccine diplomacy as an additional element of foreign policy, and it will most likely be developed as a soft-power tool even more in the near future.
L'Assemblee nationale ne legifere pas dans le domaine diplomatique, lieu par excellence de l'exercice de l'autorite de l'Executif, pour autant elle manifeste un tres fort interet a cet endroit. Ne ...disposant pas des moyens institutionnels qui lui permettraient de surveiller l'action du gouvernement royal, la Constituante va, a defaut, batir par l'intermediaire de son Comite diplomatique un savoir administratif. Il s'appuie aussi bien sur la constitution d'une veritable bibliotheque administrative comptant les ouvrages de reference de l'epoque en matiere de recueils de traites et d'alliances parus au XVIIe et au XVIIIe s., que sur un transfert en masse, dans ses bureaux, de manuscrits, de diplomes directement issus du depot des archives du ministere des Affaires etrangeres. La mise en place de la Iere Republique et des nouveaux moyens d'administration de la diplomatie entre le Comite de salut public et l'Executif rendent obsolete la pratique du Comite diplomatique. La politique des relations exterieures, concertee entre les deux instances, produit elle-meme des archives, preuves de ces competences. Au debut du Directoire executif, le transfert tant des archives des Comite diplomatique et Comite de salut public que de leurs bibliotheques permet de requalifier l'action des comites. L'integration de leurs corpus au sein du Directoire et des ministeres cree une continuite fonctionnelle qui legitime a posteriori le Comite diplomatique et le Comite de salut public en tant qu'organes de gouvernement dans le domaine diplomatique au meme titre que l'Executif.
L'Assemblee nationale ne legifere pas dans le domaine diplomatique, lieu par excellence de l'exercice de l'autorite de l'Executif, pour autant elle manifeste un tres fort interet a cet endroit. Ne ...disposant pas des moyens institutionnels qui lui permettraient de surveiller l'action du gouvernement royal, la Constituante va, a defaut, batir par l'intermediaire de son Comite diplomatique un savoir administratif. Il s'appuie aussi bien sur la constitution d'une veritable bibliotheque administrative comptant les ouvrages de reference de l'epoque en matiere de recueils de traites et d'alliances parus au XVIIe et au XVIIIe s., que sur un transfert en masse, dans ses bureaux, de manuscrits, de diplomes directement issus du depot des archives du ministere des Affaires etrangeres. La mise en place de la Iere Republique et des nouveaux moyens d'administration de la diplomatie entre le Comité de salut public et l'Executif rendent obsolete la pratique du Comite diplomatique. La politique des relations exterieures, concertee entre les deux instances, produit elle-meme des archives, preuves de ces competences. Au debut du Directoire executif, le transfert tant des archives des Comite diplomatique et Comite de salut public que de leurs bibliotheques permet de requalifier l'action des comites. L'integration de leurs corpus au sein du Directoire et des ministeres cree une continuité fonctionnelle qui legitime a posteriori le Comite diplomatique et le Comite de salut public en tant qu'organes de gouvernement dans le domaine diplomatique au meme titre que l'Executif. Mots-clés: Comite; archives; bibliotheques; diplomatie; Executif The National Assembly does not legislate in the diplomatic field, sector par excellence for the exercise of the authority of the Executive. However it demonstrates a strong interest for this area. Not having the institutional capacity that enables it to monitor the action of the royal government, the Constituent Assembly will build an administrative knowledge by way of its Diplomatic Committee. It also relies on the establishment of a genuine administrative library containing reference books of the time concerning collections of treaties and alliances appeared in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as well as on a bulk transfer to its offices of manuscripts and diplomas coming directly from the Archive repository of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The establishment of the First Republic and of the new means of diplomacy administration between the Committee of Public Safety and the Executive made the practice of the Diplomatic Committee obsolete. The same politics of external relations, agreed between the two bodies, produced archives, which represent these competencies. At the beginning of the Executive Directory, the transfer both of the archives of the Diplomatic Committee and of the Committee of Public Safety and of their libraries, allows us to redefine the action of the committees. The integration of their bodies within the Directory and Ministries creates a functional continuity that a posteriori legitimises the Diplomatic Committee and the Committee of Public Safety as organs of the government in the diplomatic field as well as the Executive. Keywords: Committees; Archives; Libraries; Foreign Affairs; Executive.
Resumo A existencia de uma relaçâo estreita entre diplomacia e vida intelectual foi um traço marcante, durante o século xix, na América do Sul, principalmente no período posterior aos movimentos de ...independencia e em sen final, momento em que homens de letras, académicos e especialistas em direito tiveram um papel de destaque na elaboraçâo e na reflexäo sobre a política exterior de sens países. Abstract The existence of a close relationship between diplomacy and intellectual life was a striking feature during the nineteenth century in South America, especially in the period after the independence movements and at their end. when men of letters, academics and specialists in law had a prominent role in the elaboration and reflection on the foreign policy of their countries. In this article, we analyze the relations between Argentina and the United States in their diplomatic, cultural and intellectual dimensions, considering as a central object the analysis of the perfonnance of Estanislao Severo Zeballos (18541923) between 1889 and 1908. Resumen La existencia de una estrecha relación entre la diplomacia y la vida intelectual fue un rasgo llamativo durante el siglo xix en América del Sur, especialmente en el período posterior a los movimientos independentistas y al final de los mismos, cuando los hombres de letras, académicos y especialistas en derecho tuvieron un papel destacado en la elaboración y reflexión acerca de la política exterior de sus países. En este artículo analizamos las relaciones entre Argentina y Estados Unidos en sus dimensiones diplomáticas, culturales e intelectuales, considerando como objeto central el análisis de la actuación de Estanislao Severo Zeballos (1854-1923) entre 1889 y 1908. A existencia de uma relaçâo estreita entre diplomacia e vida intelectual foi um traço marcante, durante o século xix, na América do Sul. principalmente no período posterior aos movimentos de independencia e em sen final, momento em que homens de letras, académicos e especialistas em direito tiveram um papel de destaque na elaboraçâo e na reflexäo sobre a política exterior de sens países. A relaçâo com os Estados Unidos demanda atençâo especial, urna vez que. no final do século xix, foi um dos fatores chave para a redefiniçâo da identidade regional latino-americana. A Argentina representen forte obstáculo para a confonnaçâo de urna identidade pan-americana nos moldes propostos pelos eua e. no final do século xix, o récém constituido Estado nacional ostentava o monopolio de força legítima, afinnado na derrota das dissidéncias provinciāls; foram sancionadas as leis laicas de educaçâo e registro civil, que passaram as mäos estatais o controle da populaçâo até entäo dividido com a Igreja Católica. Destacamos a inexistencia de trabalhos sobre a temática proposta, especialmente no Brasil, o que corrobora a importancia desta pesquisa para a ampliaçâo das discussöes nos ámbitos lústórico. político e diplomático entre os dois países.
In this new book on early modern diplomacy, Jan Hennings explores the relationship between European powers and Russia beyond the conventional East-West divide from the Peace of Westphalia to the ...reign of Peter the Great. He examines how, at a moment of new departure in both Europe and Russia, the norms shaping diplomatic practice emerged from the complex relations and direct encounters within the world of princely courts rather than from incompatible political cultures. He makes clear the connections between dynastic representation, politics and foreign relations and shows that Russia, despite its perceived isolation and cultural distinctiveness, participated in the developments and transformations that were taking place more broadly in diplomacy. The central themes of this study are the interlocking manifestations of social hierarchy, monarchical honour and sovereign status in both text and ritual. Related issues of diplomatic customs, institutional structures, personnel, negotiation practice, international law, and the question of cultural transfer, also figure prominently.
Devletlerin ulusal amaçlarını gerçekleştirme konusunda uluslararası kamuoyunun desteǧinin önemini kavraması ile diplomasi alanında önemli deǧişiklikler yaşanmıştır. Diplomaside yaşanan bu deǧişim, ...diplomasinin yeni bir türü, kamu diplomasisi olarak literatürdeki yerini almıştır. Doǧru yönetilmiş kamu diplomasisi politikalarının başarısı kanıtlanmıştır. Bu şekilde kamu diplomasisi devletlerin önemli bir diplomasi aracı haline gelmiştir. Yeni bir devlet olarak kurulan Rusya Federasyonu bir süre sonra, çok kutuplu dünyanın güçlü bir kutbu olma yönündeki ulusal amacını gerçekleştirmek için uluslararası kamuoyunun desteǧine ihtiyacı olduǧunu fark ederek yeni bir kamu diplomasisi stratejisi geliştirmeye koyulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı Rusya'nın kamu diplomasisi sürecini takip ederek başarılı olup olmadıǧı sorusuna bir cevap bulmaktır. Bu doǧrultuda, Rusya'nın takip ettiǧi kamu diplomasisi stratejisinin küçük bir haritası sergilendikten sonra kamu diplomasisinin teorik unsurlarından yararlanılarak atılan adımlar analiz edilmeye çalışılacak ve yukarıda sorulan sorunun cevabı aranacaktır.
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