Recognition, or the lack of it, is a central concern in International Relations. However, how states cope with international misrecognition has so far not been thoroughly explored in International ...Relations scholarship. To address this, the article presents a theoretical framework for understanding international misrecognition by drawing on discursive and psychoanalytical theories of collective identity formation and humour studies. The article conceptualises international misrecognition as a gap between the dominant narrative of a national Self and the way in which this national Self is reflected in the ‘mirror’ of the international Other. We argue that humour offers an important way of coping with misrecognition by ridiculing and thereby downplaying international criticism. The significance for international relations is illustrated through an analysis of the public diplomacy campaign ‘Presenting Israel’, which, through parodying video clips, mobilised ordinary Israeli citizens to engage in peer-to-peer public diplomacy when travelling abroad. Public diplomacy campaigns are commonly seen by scholars and practitioners as attempts to improve the nation’s image and smoothen or normalise international Self–Other relations. However, after analysing the discursive and visual components of the campaign — which parodied how European media portrayed Israel as primitive, violent and exotic — this article observes that in the context of international misrecognition, such coping attempts can actually contribute to further international estrangement.
This paper examines the covert campaign against Iran's nuclear program and the implications it holds for both the theory and the practice of counterproliferation. The paper evaluates the degree to ...which covert action succeeded in producing meaningful delays and disruptions to Iran's nuclear progress, in enhancing U.S. diplomatic leverage, and in helping to compel Iranian leaders to accept limits and restrictions on their country's nuclear activities. More broadly, the paper analyzes the merits and viability of covert counterproliferation strategies, including how to define and measure the effectiveness of covert counterproliferation activity and how and under what conditions covert counterproliferation can be effective.
The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and foreign countries. On this occasion, cultural and scientific events took place ...during 2017-2021. Contacts between figures of science and culture of Ukraine and others were promoted with these events. And another profit from them is the study of various issues increasing knowledge about the history of Ukrainian diplomacy. One of the elements of this process was the symbolic marking with memorial plaques in other countries, which make Ukraine’s historical diplomatic ties with them. Team work aimed to study the symbolic marks of Ukrainian diplomacy has contributed to the accumulation of a lot of important information. That’s why the idea appeared to build the encyclopedic work – Places of Memory of Ukrainian Diplomacy (currently being compiled). This article describes the significance of this encyclopedic dictionary in the context of covering the history of Ukrainian diplomacy, in particular showing the formation of close diplomatic relations with other states, which took place during the turbulent period of 1917-1921.
This exploratory cohort study investigated the phenomenon of Digital Diplomacy by sub-state actors within the field of para-diplomacy, specifically the use of social media platforms by Catalonian ...Secretaries and Delegates of the Generalitat, and in particular how they use Twitter for the international promotion of its independence and/or its nation branding. A stratified significant sample of each year between 2013 and 2017 was collected using R software, and then analyzed using Nvivo. The methodology was based on Abela (2001), Krippendorff (2004), and Neuendorf (2002). The data shows that both Catalan public servants as well as its Delegates Abroad, use Twitter mostly for personal use. However, when analyzing only the contents about international or intermestic topics, it is observed that there is a tendency to publish topics related to independence rather than national brand.
Summary
This essay presents the findings of empirical research on gift exchange in contemporary Chinese diplomacy (2003-2019). Two patterns emerged that can be structurally explained by the type of ...relationship in which the diplomatic practice is mobilised: ceremonial gift exchange in more hierarchical relations and convivial gift exchange in more egalitarian relations. Additionally, this case study allows us to observe the impact of the 'mediatisation and societisation of diplomacy' on what is - presumably - a universal, transhistorical practice.
This paper is a case study on the restitution of the Balangiga Bells by the United States to the Philippines, which has been a decades-long contested issue in the two countries' relations. This ...research applies the concepts of restitution, emotional diplomacy and discourse. This paper presents an exceptional instance in which the return of war trophies was achieved through bilateral arrangements rather than multilateral action. The approach examined how Philippine anger and American conciliation were presented as the two countries worked towards the Bells' restitution. This paper examined public statements made by officials expressing their governments' official positions. The researchers viewed their remarks as forms of discursive articulation, and analyzed them following Wodak's Discourse Historical Approach. The paper's focus moved beyond the surface level meanings of government officials' statements, but also considered how the articulations were shaped by the context in which they were produced.
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