XVI a. pradžioje kylant rašytinei kultūrai, susidarė sąlygos tyčinėms ar netyčinėms raštų klastotėms atsirasti. Dar Pirmajame Lietuvos Statute už valdovo raštų klastojimą buvo numatyta mirties ...bausmė. Tačiau raštininkai, nebijodami gresiančios bausmės, vis tiek klastodavo dokumentus. Amžininkai, susidūrę su klastotėmis, turėdavo imtis dokumento ekspertizės. Ne visi falsifikatai amžininkų buvo išaiškinti ir atpažinti, todėl šiandien istorikai ir istorinių šaltinių leidėjai susiduria su falsifikatais. Pasitaiko atvejų, kai istorikas neatpažįsta, nepatikrina ar nepastebi falsifikato ir jis atsiduria įvairiuose leidiniuose kaip originalas. Kartais falsifikatas publikuojamas keletą kartų, o remiantis juo, istoriografijoje atsiranda faktinių klaidų. Vienas tokių falsifikato pavyzdžių – tai Aleksandro Jogailaičio 1506 m. kovo 22 d. privilegija Onai Masalskienei ir trims jos sūnums. Šiame straipsnyje, pasitelkus pagalbinius istorijos mokslus, tikrinant istorinius faktus, aiškinamasi, ar ši privilegija gali būti falsifikatas.
In the end of the 14th–15th c., 250 full private documents written in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were known. In the end of the 14th century, early private documents were approved by the issuer ...seal, list of witnesses and the scribe direction. However, eventually it was not consistently observed. The research shows obvious differences which confirm not only different types of documents, but also different writing traditions (Latin and Ruthenian). For example, a bigger part of the Latin private documents (donations, sales, testimonies, etc.) were approved by the seal of one issuer, but the Ruthenian practice of sales documents approval was ambivalent. Since their emergence (from the middle of the 15th c.), one part of documents were approved only by the issuer seal and the other part by the issuers’ and witnesses’seals together. Since the 8th decade of the 15th century, the biggest part of Ruthenian sales was approved by issuer and witnesses seals. The Latin sales were stamped only by the issuer, but at the end of the 15th century there several sales which were approved by the seals of the listed witnesses (obviously it was the influence of the Ruthenian practice). Also, the article analyzes the use of the list of witnesses, the recording of clericals and secular officials, the practice of notaries, scribes’ naming, and others.
In this article the author discusses several smaller pieces in which Miho Barada, an
expert in palaeography and diplomatics, analyzed an array of important historical
sources: of diplomatic as well ...as epigraphic and narrative nature. In these essays,
Barada attempted to correct or find a new way of reading, dating and explaining
information obtained in public documents, epigraphs and literary writings.
Tabella plumbea Traguriensis, the charters of Dukes Trpimir and Muncimir,
Zvonimir’s oath, Koloman’s charter, Vekenega’s epigraph, the epitaph of Queen
Jelena and Thomas the Archdeacon’s Historia Salonitana, were all subjected to
Barada’s close examination.
Finally, the analysis of these essays may lead to a conclusion that Barada was a
truly excellent and impeccably educated medieval scholar, who based his conclusions
and results upon the great wealth of specialized knowledge: of palaeography,
diplomatics and related disciplines. While we may disagree with some of
his conclusions and opinions and while academic historiography has moved on
since Barada’s times, his research methods still provide an exemplary model to
students of history.
In his career as a medieval historian, Miho Barada mostly used written sources.
In this paper I will discuss Barada’s analysis of the charters of Trpimir and Muncimir
from the ninth century, for ...which Barada used tools of ancillary historical
disciplines. Croatian historiography dates and locates Trpimir’s charter to 4 March
852 in Bijaći. With this charter the Croatian dux Trpimir (c.845–864) donated
the church and monastery of St. George in Putalje, together with some other real
estate, to the Archbishopric of Solin. The purpose of the gift was to reciprocate
Archbishop’s Peter present of silver for church tableware. The date of the confirmation
of Trpimir’s charter, with which the Croatian dux Muncimir (892–910)
forty years later, on 28 September 892, and again in Bijaći confirmed the content
of Trpimir’s charter did not raise much controversy in Croatian historiography.
Historians have abundantly used the historical content of and data contained in
these two oldest Croatian medieval charters. They were considered archival sources
of first rank. Barada approached their analyses critically, and especially because
these charters did not survive in their original forms but as later transcripts.
For this reason it is not surprising that their contents (and especially the content
of Trpimir’s charter) are in some places contentious and incomprehensible, and
that the question of authenticity of both chapters may be raised again and again.
Barada thought that such quandaries may be resolved with the help of textual
criticism and diplomatics as ancillary historical disciplines. By looking at external
and internal characteristics of written documents, diplomatics decides if a
document (a charter, a written testimony of a legal act, etc.) is authentic or a forgery.
The fundamental external characteristics of a document include the material
upon which the document is written, stamp, signature and various other signs.
Internal characteristics refer to integral parts of the text or diplomatic formula,
language, dates, names and other features that may be studied in a transcript as
well as in the original. Barada was the first Croatian scholar to seriously engage with textual criticism of these two charters. Their diplomatic aspects have been
studied by other scholars before and after Barada, but mostly in order to glean
historical data. Their detailed diplomatic analysis was hindered from the start by
the false belief that the oldest transcript had been printed by Lucius and that the
transcripts kept in Split were all transcribed from Lucius. Barada corrected this
error when he found multiple transcripts of these charters older than the manuscript
used and printed by Lucius. Using these transcripts, Barada reconstructed
the original text and showed that both charters were indeed authentic. Today
we know of five transcripts of Trpimir’s charter from 852 and Mucimir’s charter
from 892. The oldest transcript dates from 1568
Los años 1609 y 1610 son los de las causas y el auto de fe de las conocidas como «brujas de Zugarramurdi». Se escribe sobre procesos y víctimas, pero todavía queda mucho por saber sobre el ...funcionamiento de los tribunales que decidían el destino de un buen número de personas. El auto de fe de Zugarramurdi es un paradigma histórico, pero el Tribunal que lo organizó no era perfecto. Era un nido de corrupción, dividido en bandos, destruido desde dentro. El presente artículo se centrará en los memoriales que, durante un decenio, se hicieron llegar a la Suprema y en los que se informaba de la decadente y penosa situación del Tribunal de Logroño.
İslam devletlerinde ilm-i inşâadıverilen ve kısaca “vesîka ilmi” şeklinde ifade edebileceğimiz bu ilim, “Diplomatika” İng. Diplomatics adıyla 17. Yüzyıdan itibaren batıda bağımsız bir bilim ...dalıhaline gelmiştir. Biz bu çalışmamızda öncelikle, diplomatika ilminin ortaçağbatıâleminde ve latin kültüründe ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi ve kullanılan resmî belgelerin rükün ve şartlarınıele aldık.İslam dünyasındaki diplomatika çalışmalarınıayrıayrıtesbit ettik. Yine bu bölümler içinde bir tür diplomatika eseri olan inşâ eserleri üzerinde durduk. Bu alanlarda ortaya konmuşönemli eserleri ve İslam ülkelerinde kullanılan vesîka türleri ve diplomatika unsurlarınıörnekleri ile belirttik. Osmanlıdiplomatikasıkonusunu, münşeat geleneği ve modern anlamda diplomatika çalışmaları şeklinde iki başlık altında ele aldık. Bu arada diplomatikanın kaynağıolan arşivler üzerinde durduk. Son bölümde ise; Berat formunu ele aldık. Padişah adına hazırlanan beratın, Osmanlıdiplomatikasındaki önemine işaret ettik.
U radu autori analiziraju navodnu ispravu koja donosi najstariji pisani spomen Kanfanara, datiranu u 1096. godinu,. Isprava je očuvana samo u formi regesta, koji je sastavio udinski humanist i javni ...bilježnik Antonio Belloni početkom XVI. stoljeća, prema kojoj akvilejski patrijarh daje svomu gastaldu u koncesiju područje navedeno kao Montesellum te luku u Limu zajedno s crkvom sv. Lovre. Po prvi se put predstavlja tekst prema najstarijem očuvanom rukopisu, uz primjeren kritički aparat i prijevod na hrvatski jezik. Filološki je dio analize pokazao brojne manjkavosti teksta te potvrdio da etimologija toponima Kanfanar tek treba pronaći svoje znanstveno i zadovoljavajuće rješenje. U diplomatičkom su dijelu analize u obzir uzeti svi dostupni relevantni izvori akvilejske i istarske provenijencije, koji su doveli do zaključka da regest pati od brojnih diplomatičkih i sadržajnih nedostataka te da je sama isprava sastavljena na temelju najmanju dvaju dokumenata, jednoga iz kancelarije porečkih biskupa i drugoga koji je izdao akvilejski patrijarh Ulrik I. Eppenstein. Rezultati su pokazali da je isprava u kojoj se prvi put spominje Kanfanar povijesni falsifikat nastao u kancelariji akvilejskoga patrijarha Rajmunda della Torrea u zadnjoj četvrtini XIII. stoljeća s ciljem da pobije jurisdikcijske pretenzije porečkih biskupa prema Dvigradu. Autori zaključuju da se u ispravi ocrtava jedna od epizoda stoljetnoga sukoba porečkoga biskupa i akvilejskoga patrijarha oko prava nad prostorom u trokutu koji čine Rovinj, Dvigrad i Bale.
Publishing medieval charters for Slovenian history is a long-term effort. The first four volumes were still published in the days of the pioneer of the project, Franc Kos (in the period 1902–1915), ...with the fifth book, published by his son Milko Kos, following somewhat later on. It was only in 2002 that France Baraga published, on the basis of the collected materials, the Central Catalogue of Medieval Charters of Dr. Božo Otorepec from the Milko Kos Historical Institute of ZRC SAZU, the sixth volume of medieval charters encompassing a relatively short period of ten years, 1246–1255. The volume appeared without an index of names, the publication of which has been postponed until today.This book therefore contains an accurate explanatory index of personal and place names, thus completing Baraga’s edition of 295 medieval charters.The book comes with a CD Gradivo za slovensko zgodovino v srednjem veku. 6/1 – Listine 1246–1255. 6/2 – Imensko kazalo Materials for Slovenian Medieval History. 6/1 – Charters 1246 – 1255. 6/2 – Index of names and both books in pdf-format.
The present edition denotes a continuation of the collection of documents, which the historians Franc Kos and later Milko Kos began publishing in 1902 within the frame of the Leonova družba (Leon’s ...Society) in Ljubljana. Five books were issued under the title “Gradivo za zgodovino Slovencev v srednjem veku” (Materials for the history of Slovenes in the Middle Ages) (1902, 1906, 1911, 1915, 1928). The present edition is based on different starting-points, as modern researches into history can no longer refer to regestum (abstracts of documents) only but they must derive from sources themselves, published on the basis of entire originals, and equipped with appropriate critical apparatus. The book was written on the grounds of the material the historian Božo Otorepec of the Historical Institute collected. Included in the edition are documents of a ten-year period – that is from 1246 (with that year the fifth volume of Kos’s publishing of the Gradivo za zgodovino Slovencev v srednjem veku concludes) to 1255. The first volume (6/1) does not include a name index and a table of contents, which will be published in the second volume (6/2).
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