Power-to-gas (PtG) technologies offer a promising approach for decarbonization of energy-intensive industries, particular the iron and steel (I&S) sector, which depends on specific chemical feedstock ...and processes that are not currently directly electrifiable. However, PtG implementation faces challenges in the medium term related to the carbon footprint of electricity networks, decoupling process applications from variable renewable energy inputs, and economic feasibility. In this study, the design, energy, emissions, cost, and hourly operation of a power-to-hydrogen (PtH2)-based direct reduction of iron (DRI)-electric arc furnace (EAF) system, are investigated for solar energy-rich conditions in the near- to medium term (2030) with the intent to facilitate the deployment of low-carbon DRI-EAF steel making. A plant hourly operating and sizing methodology is developed based on PtH2 and use of renewable, low-cost solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity and H2 storage to counteract grid emissions and cost. The analysis approach is generically applicable to different solar-rich locations and other variable renewable electricity sources. For base-case system design/operating conditions, the emission intensity of the PtH2-I&S process is found to be abated from 890 to 567 kgCO2/tLS (∼36%), in absence of EAF scrap steel use, relative to the use of grid electricity only with no H2 storage, with a slight reduction in the levelized of cost steel (CLS) at 618 USD/tLS. Relative to conventional natural gas (NG)-DRI-EAF and blast/oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) processes, emission intensity is reduced by ∼43–60% and ∼53–74%, respectively. At off-base case PV and water electrolysis capacities, steel making emission intensity reductions of ∼40% relative to conventional NG DRI-EAF are achievable at normalized PV capacities, α = 3, relative to the plant nominal hourly electricity demand, and normalized electrolysis capacities, β ≥ 1.3, relative to the nominal hourly capacity requirement, while maintaining CLS within less than +25% of NG DRI-EAF. Based on the performance improvement and cost reduction potential for electrolysis and solar PV, the sub-space of normalized PV and electrolysis capacities yielding a ∼40% reduction in emission intensity within the above CLS limit would be significantly enlarged towards lower PV capacities (α ≥ 2) and electrolysis capacities (β ≥ 1.2).
All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the ...professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. Type of peer review: The manuscripts submitted to AEVEC 2020 were subjected to a rigorous two-step single blind review process prior to publication. The reviewers were independent of the committee and/or authors in question. The identities of the reviewers not revealed to the authors. If the reviewers recommended revision and/or improvements to the manuscript, the authors responded adequately to such recommendations. The reviewers provided recommendations whether the manuscript should be published. The review form was available in the conference management system to provide a structure to evaluate the manuscripts in terms of its scientific merit. The form is enabling review of the manuscripts to general IMRaD structure. Any additional comments outside the form should be added to the Additional Comments section. • Conference submission management system: C BUDDY • Number of submissions received: 204 • Number of submissions sent for review: 167 • Number of submissions accepted: 82 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 40.2% • Average number of reviews per paper: 4 • Total number of reviewers involved: 38 • Any additional info on review process: Contact person for queries: Dr. Indah Widiastuti Universitas Sebelas Maret indahwidiastuti@staff.uns.ac.id Jl. IR Sutami No 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, Indonesia
Advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) enable a great opportunity to develop the residential demand response that is relevant in smart grid applications. Demand response (DR) ...aims to manage the required demand to match the available energy resources without adding new generation capacity. Expanding the DR to cover the residential sector in addition to the industrial and commercial sectors gives rise to a wide range of challenges. This study presents an overview of the literature on residential DR systems, load-scheduling techniques, and the latest ICT that supports residential DR applications. Furthermore, challenges are highlighted and analyzed, which are likely to become relevant research topics with regard to the residential DR of smart grid. The literature review shows that most DR schemes suffer from an externality problem that involves the effect of high-level customer consumption on the price rates of other customers, especially during peak period. A recommendation for using adaptive multi-consumption level pricing scheme is presented to overcome this challenge.
*Corresponding author at: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tenaga Nasional Universiti, P13-B-07-06, Sri Cempaka, Jalan Sepakat Indah 2/2 Taman Sep, Kajang 43000 Selangor, Malaysia. Tel.: +60 183262643.
A Au55 nanocluster with the composition of Au55(p‐MBT)24(Ph3P)6(SbF6)3 (p‐MBT=4‐methylbenzenethiolate) is synthesized via direct reduction of gold‐phosphine and gold‐thiolate precursors. ...Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that this Au55 nanocluster features a face‐centered cubic (fcc) Au55 kernel, different from the well‐known two‐shell cuboctahedral arrangement in Au55(Ph3P)12Cl6. The Au55 cluster shows a wide optical absorption band with optical energy gap (Eg=1.28 eV). It is found that the exclusion of chloride is crucial for the formation of the title cluster, otherwise rod‐like Au25(SR)5(PPh3)10Cl22+ is obtained. The strategy to run synthetic reaction in the absence of halide leads to new members of phosphine/thiolate co‐protected metal nanoclusters. The Au55 nanocluster exhibits high catalytic activity and selectivity for electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO; the Faradaic efficiency (FE) reaches 94.1 % at −0.6 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE).
The gold nanocluster Au55(p‐MBT)24(Ph3P)6(SbF6)3 (p‐MBT=4‐methylbenzenethiolate) features a face‐centered cubic Au55 kernel. This cluster exhibits high catalytic activity and selectivity for electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO, and the Faradaic efficiency (FE) reaches 94.1 % at −0.6 V. The exclusion of chloride is an effective strategy to generate new members of ligand‐protected metal nanoclusters.
4H‐Cyclopentadefphenanthrene (CPP) is a valuable building block in the production of photoactive polymers, which find use in a wide range of organic electronic applications. Of particular importance ...is their use in the development of blue‐colored, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), which remains a challenge in the field. Unfortunately, commercial sources and synthetic procedures known in the literature are unable to provide enough CPP for large scale implementation. Herein, we report on the development of a novel, gram‐scale synthesis of CPP in three steps, starting from pyrene. The key steps in our methodology are the ring contraction of pyrene‐4,5‐dione to oxoCPP in a single step, as well as the direct reduction of oxoCPP to CPP. Apart from the small number of synthetic steps, our methodology benefits from the use of relatively non‐hazardous reagents, together with optimized purification procedures, making CPP accessible in useful quantities.
Vanadium-titanium magnetite (VTM) has a high comprehensive utilization value. The gas-based reduction process combined with the electric furnace melting process has the advantages of a high recovery ...rate of precious metal elements in VTM, low cost, high-energy efficiency, and low environmental pollution. Gasification gas provided by coal gasification technology is a potential reducing agent. Through FACTSAGE calculations and experiments, the reduction thermodynamic properties of VTM oxidized pellets by gasification gas were systematically studied to illustrate the feasibility of the system before practical experiments. The reaction mechanism of the direct reduction of VTM by gasification gas was proved, and the conversion behavior of iron and titanium in the reduction system was also clarified. This work clearly describes the reduction process of VTM oxidation pellets and clarifies the essence of the direct reduction of gas groups of VTM oxidized pellets.
All conference organisers/editors are required to declare details about their peer review. Therefore, please provide the following information: • Type of peer review: Double Blind • Conference ...submission management system: Online Mode • Number of submissions received: 45 • Number of submissions sent for review: 40 • Number of submissions accepted:35 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100):77.7 • Average number of reviews per paper: 3 • Total number of reviewers involved: 7 • Any additional info on review process: No • Contact person for queries: Dr.M.K.M Farooqui, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VVIT, Nambur, Guntur-522001 9885060475 farooqui.mm@rediffmail.com Please submit this form along with the rest of your files on the submission date written in your publishing agreement. The information you provide will be published as part of your proceedings.
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•Relationship of size, reaction and sticking of fluidized particles are clarified.•Hydrogen reduction of granulated iron ore is controlled by reduction reaction.•A modified force ...model is established to distinguish the critical sticking point.•Optimal gas utilization rate can be achieved at 650–750 °C for sizes of 200–300 μm.
The relationship of particle size, reaction and sticking behavior of iron ore fines toward efficient fluidized bed hydrogen reduction were systematically investigated at 600–800 °C in a laboratory fluidized bed. First, the reduction kinetics were studied, and the results showed that hydrogen reduction of granulated iron ore was controlled by reduction reaction, and the activation energy was approximately 88.4 kJ/mol. The reduction rate of granulated iron ore with a diameter of 200 μm could be increased by 10 times as the reduction temperature rose from 600 to 800 °C. Then, a modified force balance model was established to distinguish the critical sticking point of granulated iron ore during high temperature fluidized bed hydrogen reduction, and it indicated that the defluidization temperature could be raised from 630 to 790 °C as the particle size was enlarged from 100 to 200 μm with a fluidization number of 10. Eventually, coupling the kinetic model and modified force balance model, the maximum gas utilization rate of fluidized bed hydrogen reduction was estimated, and it indicated that at reduction temperatures of 650–750 °C with particle sizes of 200–300 μm, the optimal gas utilization rate could be achieved, which was consistent with the experimental results. Contradictory to traditional understandings of chemical reaction engineering, due to the interaction of reduction performance and sticking behavior, too high of a reduction temperature or too small of a particle size might not be preferable for fluidized bed hydrogen reduction, and this study provided valuable references for industrial operation.
•Excess adsorption capacity increases to its maximum value and then decreases with further increasing pressures.•The DR-based excess adsorption model is more reliable to determine the density of ...adsorbed methane.•The actual adsorption capacity will be underestimated if we only conducted the low-pressure experiments.•Adsorbed methane is not only filled in the micropores and also monolayer-adsorbed in the meso-macropores.
To investigate the methane adsorption capacity and the characteristics of gas shales under high pressures, we conducted total organic carbon (TOC), low-pressure nitrogen adsorption (LPNA), and high-pressure methane adsorption experiments (up to 30.0MPa) on eight Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale samples collected from northeastern Chongqing, China. The experimental results show that the excess adsorption capacity increases to its maximum value and then decreases with further increasing pressures. TOC and the specific surface area of micro-pores are positively correlated with the maximum methane adsorption capacity. The density of adsorbed phase is the key parameter for converting excess adsorption isotherms into absolute adsorption isotherms and has been determined based on three methods for comparison. The DR-based excess adsorption model in the third method has shown to be more reliable than other methods, in which the density of supercritical methane is considered to be lower than the liquid methane density at the boiling point (0.423g/cm3). The absolute adsorption isotherms were obtained after determining the density of adsorbed phase. The actual adsorption capacity would be underestimated when only low-pressure experiments (0–10MPa) were performed. The analysis of the adsorbed-phase volume demonstrates that the adsorbed methane is stored not only in micropores (<2nm) but also in meso-macropores (2–200nm) as Vmicro<Va<VBJH. The findings in this work lay the foundations for the further investigation of the shale gas adsorption mechanisms.
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