Despite significant advances over the past few decades, geographies of alcohol, drinking, drunkenness remain under-theorised and researched. Indeed, even when applying critical thinking, geographers ...have tended to unreflexively reproduce, rather than question ‘alcohol studies’ ontologies and epistemologies infused with moralising, disciplining, and normalising discourses. In response, we present three intertwined research trajectories, informed by broader human geography debates, which offer opportunities to engage with alcohol, drinking, drunkenness more carefully and critically through; relational, flat, and decolonising ontologies; de-determination and intensities of (non)human relations; and ethical and political imperatives of research that ask questions of ‘worth’ and ‘reason’. Specifically, this involves, firstly, reinvigorating theoretical challenges to dominant and long-entrenched political, policy, popular, and academic debates; secondly, pursuing focused empirical accounts of heterogeneous and complex knowledges, practices, materialities, emotions, embodiment, affective experiences, and performances; and thirdly, paying attention to topographies, qualities, forms, and intensities of relational time/spaces beyond alcohol consumption per se. Our conclusion reflects on the challenges and opportunities of re-thinking geographies of alcohol, drinking, drunkenness within and beyond the discipline.
An integral part of a teacher’s job is to correct misbehavior of students. There is scarcity of information on disciplinary methods used by teachers in schools in Sri Lanka. As a part of a larger ...research, this study was undertaken to fill this gap. A culturally validated questionnaire was used to assess the various disciplinary methods used by 459 teachers, on 948 students, in six districts in Sri Lanka. National, provincial, special education, and private schools were included in this study. The study revealed that teachers used aversive disciplinary methods such as corporal punishment and psychological aggression. During the past term, 80.4% of students reported experiencing at least one strategy of corporal punishment and 72.5% reported experiencing psychological aggression. It was alarming to note that 53% of students reported experiencing at least one strategy of physical abuse in the schools in Sri Lanka. In all, 79.3% of students reported experiencing at least one strategy of positive discipline. Although teachers did use positive discipline, it was lesser than the use of aversive disciplinary methods. Hence, the use of force as a tool of discipline on young people in schools in Sri Lanka is widespread. The findings of this study should raise grave concern and ring alarm bells among authorities in Sri Lanka. Therefore, several recommendations to rectify this situation are also presented herein.
Through the elite's perspective, the low-cost and hygienic household was a tool to improve the deficient living conditions that the popular and working-class sectors were under in big cities. Also, ...it was a means for cultural transformation of everyday policies. Stemming from this, the modeling and disciplinary capacity that hygienic living had over various working sectors has been discussed under various lenses. Through the analysis of some hygienic neighborhoods built in Santiago between the decades of the 1920s and 1930s it is possible to recognize circumstances that determined the constant yearly mobility of dozens of their occupants. And, by proxy, it is possible to determine the capacity that these residential complexes had to change the way of living of the working class family.
Belief disagreements have been suggested as a major contributing factor to the recent subprime mortgage crisis. This paper theoretically evaluates this hypothesis. I assume that optimists have ...limited wealth and take on leverage so as to take positions in line with their beliefs. To have a significant effect on asset prices, they need to borrow from traders with pessimistic beliefs using loans collateralized by the asset itself. Since pessimists do not value the collateral as much as optimists do, they are reluctant to lend, which provides an endogenous constraint on optimists' ability to borrow and to influence asset prices. I demonstrate that the tightness of this constraint depends on the nature of belief disagreements. Optimism concerning the probability of downside states has no or little effect on asset prices because these types of optimism are disciplined by this constraint. Instead, optimism concerning the relative probability of upside states could have significant effects on asset prices. This asymmetric disciplining effect is robust to allowing for short selling because pessimists that borrow the asset face a similar endogenous constraint. These results emphasize that what investors disagree about matters for asset prices, to a greater extent than the level of disagreements. When richer contracts are available, relatively complex contracts that resemble some of the recent financial innovations in the mortgage market endogenously emerge to facilitate betting.
This article investigates the making of cheap workers at the bottom of global value chains. Adopting a class relational approach, it engages in labour regime and social reproduction analyses, to ...examine the labour process in Senegalese export horticulture and its relations with rural households. Drawing from primary qualitative data, it analyses power relations within workplaces and households investigating the structural relations between them through the disciplining and exploitation of women. It argues that labour control beyond workplaces is crucial to the supply of cheap and disciplined workers, showing how patriarchy and religion regulate a continuum of class relations between households, fields, and packaging centres. It shows the inherent conflict between production and reproduction intensifies South of the supply chain and fuels fragmentation of women in ‘classes of labour’. While women shape, respond and defy some forms of subordination, their resistance to the combined pressures of disciplining and exploitation is less manifest.
This study explores a series of actions undertaken by South Korea's President Yoon Suk-yeol to prohibit and reshape customary activities in labor unions. It terms this neoliberal offensive a form of ...disciplining and explains what has motivated the Yoon administration to adopt this method against organized labor. This policy is associated with South Korean conservatives' strong impulse to roll back former President Moon Jae-in's progressive legacy by pushing neoliberalism to its limits. This argument is grounded in Karl Polanyi's illustration of the Speenhamland episode, in which English liberals' struggle against the Speenhamland system generated the creeds of the self-regulating market and social disciplines. South Korean conservatives prioritize reversing progressive political initiatives because they have been unable to devise alternative policies due to their constrained institutional capacity. They have dismissed the pro-labor policies of the Moon administration as misguided interventionism. The Yoon administration has alleged that labor unions are the support base of the Moon administration and has implemented three disciplinary measures against them: decontextualization, stigmatization, and requirements for increased transparency. This study shows that neoliberalism shifts the locus of class conflict from workplaces to how workers shape their lifestyles and identities.
Although the influence of disciplining experiences on a variety of personality factors has been studied, there is less clarity on how disciplining experiences influence the traits of perfectionism ...and self-compassion in individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between different domains of perfectionism and self-compassion, as well as the influence of specific aspects of disciplining experiences, such as parental warmth and punishment experiences, on perfectionism and self-compassion. In this study, a quantitative cross-sectional correlational design was used. A total of 220 Indian emerging adults from the city of Bangalore were surveyed via convenience sampling. The following scales were administered: Disciplining Experiences Measure, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale. The results showed that (1) Self Compassion has a significant positive relationship with Perfectionism; (2) Punishment experience has an influence on Other-oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism; (3) Disciplining Helped positively predicted Self-oriented Perfectionism; and (4) Parental Warmth positively predicted Self-compassion in individuals. The findings contribute to the literature emphasizing the influence of disciplining experiences on one’s self and personality, as well as the potential benefits of self-compassion-based interventions.
Human cooperation in social dilemmas challenges researchers from various disciplines. Here we combine advances in experimental economics and evolutionary biology that separately have shown that ...costly punishment and reputation formation, respectively, induce cooperation in social dilemmas. The mechanisms of punishment and reputation, however, substantially differ in their means for 'disciplining' non-cooperators. Direct punishment incurs salient costs for both the punisher and the punished, whereas reputation mechanisms discipline by withholding action, immediately saving costs for the 'punisher'. Consequently, costly punishment may become extinct in environments in which effective reputation building--for example, through indirect reciprocity--provides a cheaper and powerful way to sustain cooperation. Unexpectedly, as we show here, punishment is maintained when a combination with reputation building is available, however, at a low level. Costly punishment acts are markedly reduced although not simply substituted by appreciating reputation. Indeed, the remaining punishment acts are concentrated on free-riders, who are most severely punished in the combination. When given a choice, subjects even prefer a combination of reputation building with costly punishment. The interaction between punishment and reputation building boosts cooperative efficiency. Because punishment and reputation building are omnipresent interacting forces in human societies, costly punishing should appear less destructive without losing its deterring force.
En “Eclipse del espectáculo” (1984), Johantan Crary escribe en torno del problema de la metamorfosis de la televisión dentro del diseño cultural, económico y geopolítico. Propone que el sistema ...representativo se retira frente a la red de distribución y control del capitalismo tecnológico. El régimen escópico, por tanto, deviene un ejercicio o una superficie del poder. En este sentido, los procesos tecnológicos se comprenden como un determinado e histórico régimen estético, es decir, de producción de la aisthesis. De este modo, Crary cuestiona la producción del capitalismo a través del examen de los modos de producción de la percepción. En Techniques of the Observer (1990), Suspensions of Perception (2001) y 24/7 (2013), Crary radicaliza la retirada de la observación contemplativa ante la producción de la sensibilidad. Siguiendo esta clave de lectura, este ensayo propone que la crítica de Crary se mantiene bajo la forma taxonómica “cuerpo viviente/aparato disciplinario”.
A growing body of empirical research has investigated various aspects of control in exchange relationships; however, understanding of this phenomenon is still in its infancy. The objective of our ...research is to review this literature quantitatively with meta-analysis to derive some empirical generalizations and reconcile the contradictory results about the effects of organizational control in marketing exchange relationships. This study finds that process and output control generally produce positive outcomes, especially when used jointly. It also finds that, because control encompasses more than monitoring alone, the former is generally more effective in producing positive outcomes. Our research also finds that organizational control can have either positive or negative consequences depending on the organizational setting (i.e., interorganizational vs. intraorganizational context)
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