Despite significant advances over the past few decades, geographies of alcohol, drinking, drunkenness remain under-theorised and researched. Indeed, even when applying critical thinking, geographers ...have tended to unreflexively reproduce, rather than question ‘alcohol studies’ ontologies and epistemologies infused with moralising, disciplining, and normalising discourses. In response, we present three intertwined research trajectories, informed by broader human geography debates, which offer opportunities to engage with alcohol, drinking, drunkenness more carefully and critically through; relational, flat, and decolonising ontologies; de-determination and intensities of (non)human relations; and ethical and political imperatives of research that ask questions of ‘worth’ and ‘reason’. Specifically, this involves, firstly, reinvigorating theoretical challenges to dominant and long-entrenched political, policy, popular, and academic debates; secondly, pursuing focused empirical accounts of heterogeneous and complex knowledges, practices, materialities, emotions, embodiment, affective experiences, and performances; and thirdly, paying attention to topographies, qualities, forms, and intensities of relational time/spaces beyond alcohol consumption per se. Our conclusion reflects on the challenges and opportunities of re-thinking geographies of alcohol, drinking, drunkenness within and beyond the discipline.
An integral part of a teacher’s job is to correct misbehavior of students. There is scarcity of information on disciplinary methods used by teachers in schools in Sri Lanka. As a part of a larger ...research, this study was undertaken to fill this gap. A culturally validated questionnaire was used to assess the various disciplinary methods used by 459 teachers, on 948 students, in six districts in Sri Lanka. National, provincial, special education, and private schools were included in this study. The study revealed that teachers used aversive disciplinary methods such as corporal punishment and psychological aggression. During the past term, 80.4% of students reported experiencing at least one strategy of corporal punishment and 72.5% reported experiencing psychological aggression. It was alarming to note that 53% of students reported experiencing at least one strategy of physical abuse in the schools in Sri Lanka. In all, 79.3% of students reported experiencing at least one strategy of positive discipline. Although teachers did use positive discipline, it was lesser than the use of aversive disciplinary methods. Hence, the use of force as a tool of discipline on young people in schools in Sri Lanka is widespread. The findings of this study should raise grave concern and ring alarm bells among authorities in Sri Lanka. Therefore, several recommendations to rectify this situation are also presented herein.
Through the elite's perspective, the low-cost and hygienic household was a tool to improve the deficient living conditions that the popular and working-class sectors were under in big cities. Also, ...it was a means for cultural transformation of everyday policies. Stemming from this, the modeling and disciplinary capacity that hygienic living had over various working sectors has been discussed under various lenses. Through the analysis of some hygienic neighborhoods built in Santiago between the decades of the 1920s and 1930s it is possible to recognize circumstances that determined the constant yearly mobility of dozens of their occupants. And, by proxy, it is possible to determine the capacity that these residential complexes had to change the way of living of the working class family.
Belief disagreements have been suggested as a major contributing factor to the recent subprime mortgage crisis. This paper theoretically evaluates this hypothesis. I assume that optimists have ...limited wealth and take on leverage so as to take positions in line with their beliefs. To have a significant effect on asset prices, they need to borrow from traders with pessimistic beliefs using loans collateralized by the asset itself. Since pessimists do not value the collateral as much as optimists do, they are reluctant to lend, which provides an endogenous constraint on optimists' ability to borrow and to influence asset prices. I demonstrate that the tightness of this constraint depends on the nature of belief disagreements. Optimism concerning the probability of downside states has no or little effect on asset prices because these types of optimism are disciplined by this constraint. Instead, optimism concerning the relative probability of upside states could have significant effects on asset prices. This asymmetric disciplining effect is robust to allowing for short selling because pessimists that borrow the asset face a similar endogenous constraint. These results emphasize that what investors disagree about matters for asset prices, to a greater extent than the level of disagreements. When richer contracts are available, relatively complex contracts that resemble some of the recent financial innovations in the mortgage market endogenously emerge to facilitate betting.
Although the influence of disciplining experiences on a variety of personality factors has been studied, there is less clarity on how disciplining experiences influence the traits of perfectionism ...and self-compassion in individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between different domains of perfectionism and self-compassion, as well as the influence of specific aspects of disciplining experiences, such as parental warmth and punishment experiences, on perfectionism and self-compassion. In this study, a quantitative cross-sectional correlational design was used. A total of 220 Indian emerging adults from the city of Bangalore were surveyed via convenience sampling. The following scales were administered: Disciplining Experiences Measure, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale. The results showed that (1) Self Compassion has a significant positive relationship with Perfectionism; (2) Punishment experience has an influence on Other-oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism; (3) Disciplining Helped positively predicted Self-oriented Perfectionism; and (4) Parental Warmth positively predicted Self-compassion in individuals. The findings contribute to the literature emphasizing the influence of disciplining experiences on one’s self and personality, as well as the potential benefits of self-compassion-based interventions.
This article investigates the making of cheap workers at the bottom of global value chains. Adopting a class relational approach, it engages in labour regime and social reproduction analyses, to ...examine the labour process in Senegalese export horticulture and its relations with rural households. Drawing from primary qualitative data, it analyses power relations within workplaces and households investigating the structural relations between them through the disciplining and exploitation of women. It argues that labour control beyond workplaces is crucial to the supply of cheap and disciplined workers, showing how patriarchy and religion regulate a continuum of class relations between households, fields, and packaging centres. It shows the inherent conflict between production and reproduction intensifies South of the supply chain and fuels fragmentation of women in ‘classes of labour’. While women shape, respond and defy some forms of subordination, their resistance to the combined pressures of disciplining and exploitation is less manifest.
Human cooperation in social dilemmas challenges researchers from various disciplines. Here we combine advances in experimental economics and evolutionary biology that separately have shown that ...costly punishment and reputation formation, respectively, induce cooperation in social dilemmas. The mechanisms of punishment and reputation, however, substantially differ in their means for 'disciplining' non-cooperators. Direct punishment incurs salient costs for both the punisher and the punished, whereas reputation mechanisms discipline by withholding action, immediately saving costs for the 'punisher'. Consequently, costly punishment may become extinct in environments in which effective reputation building--for example, through indirect reciprocity--provides a cheaper and powerful way to sustain cooperation. Unexpectedly, as we show here, punishment is maintained when a combination with reputation building is available, however, at a low level. Costly punishment acts are markedly reduced although not simply substituted by appreciating reputation. Indeed, the remaining punishment acts are concentrated on free-riders, who are most severely punished in the combination. When given a choice, subjects even prefer a combination of reputation building with costly punishment. The interaction between punishment and reputation building boosts cooperative efficiency. Because punishment and reputation building are omnipresent interacting forces in human societies, costly punishing should appear less destructive without losing its deterring force.
En “Eclipse del espectáculo” (1984), Johantan Crary escribe en torno del problema de la metamorfosis de la televisión dentro del diseño cultural, económico y geopolítico. Propone que el sistema ...representativo se retira frente a la red de distribución y control del capitalismo tecnológico. El régimen escópico, por tanto, deviene un ejercicio o una superficie del poder. En este sentido, los procesos tecnológicos se comprenden como un determinado e histórico régimen estético, es decir, de producción de la aisthesis. De este modo, Crary cuestiona la producción del capitalismo a través del examen de los modos de producción de la percepción. En Techniques of the Observer (1990), Suspensions of Perception (2001) y 24/7 (2013), Crary radicaliza la retirada de la observación contemplativa ante la producción de la sensibilidad. Siguiendo esta clave de lectura, este ensayo propone que la crítica de Crary se mantiene bajo la forma taxonómica “cuerpo viviente/aparato disciplinario”.
This article brings into dialogue the writings of Hélène Cixous and Bracha Ettinger. I contend that Cixous's writing unsettles the very questions that form the basis for Ettinger's key theoretical ...propositions, making for a productive dialogue between these two feminist thinkers. I identify key concepts and convergences that, when considered together, offer a novel methodology for thinking our way out of a conceptual impasse in which the 'feminine' exists either as a lack vis-à-vis the masculine or as unthinkable. What makes this meeting of works particularly generative is their ability to slide under the phallocentricity of Language to approach an ethics of the Other. A Cixousian reclamation of the feminine, coupled with Ettinger's theorisation of subjectivity, in which the feminine is not foreclosed, offers to feminist debate and criticism an Other axis of sexual difference accessible to all living subjects. Considered together, Cixous's and Ettinger's formulations offer radical potentialities for reading with: that is, not a process in which we read as I's positioned in opposition to an Other, but rather, one in which text and reader co-exist. Such a mode contests the violence that is done by phallic disciplinary structures and indifferent practices of reading.
Neoliberal normative change calls for a new cultural form that takes neoliberal values and modes of action as commonsense notions. These new frameworks of action permeate both the way of governing ...populations, as well as individual subjectivities, shaping the strategies of transformation of the system, criticism, forms of resistance or the claim of rights. We understand that social entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that exposes how these dynamics are reproduced and, therefore, in the article we analyze the data collected through an ethnographic research in an incubator of social entrepreneurs in the city of Madrid, how neoliberal normative frameworks mediate space management, work dynamics and the creation of projects that seek social transformation and environmental protection. Thus, the social entrepreneurs who come together in this space are called upon to elaborate their projects, giving preponderance to commercial principles over contributions to society in general.
El cambio normativo neoliberal interpela una nueva forma cultural que toma como nociones de sentido común los valores y modos de acción neoliberales. Estos nuevos marcos de acción permean en la manera de gobernar las poblaciones, así como en las subjetividades individuales, moldeando las estrategias de trasformación del sistema, la crítica, las formas de resistencia o la reivindicación de derechos. Entendemos que el emprendimiento social es un fenómeno que expone como se reproducen estas dinámicas y, por ello, en el artículo analizamos los datos recogidos mediante una investigación etnográfica en una incubadora de emprendedores sociales de la ciudad de Madrid, cómo median los marcos normativos neoliberales en la gestión del espacio, las dinámicas de trabajo y la creación de proyectos que buscan la trasformación social y la protección del medioambiente. Así, los emprendedores sociales que se dan cita en este espacio están llamados a elaborar sus proyectos dando preponderancia a los principios mercantiles sobre las aportaciones a la sociedad en general.
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