The effect of sustainable agricultural practices, such as mulching or the application of straw residues as an organic amendment, on the degradation, dissipation and persistence in the soil of ...S-metolachlor (SMOC), foramsulfuron (FORAM) and thiencarbazone-methyl (TCM) is still unclear. The objective here was to conduct a laboratory experiment to evaluate the impact of milled wheat straw (WS) simulating its individual use as mulch or applied as an organic amendment to two agricultural soils: unamended and WS-amended soils on the degradation kinetics of the herbicides SMOC, FORAM and TCM, and on the formation of their major metabolites at two incubation temperatures (14 °C and 24 °C). The degradation rate of SMOC on WS was 6.9–16.7 times faster than that observed for FORAM and TCM at both temperatures. The half-life (DT50) values were 1.1–10.6 times lower for FORAM than for SMOC and TCM in the unamended and WS-amended soils at 14 °C and 24 °C. The application of WS to soils increased the DT50 values from 1.1 to 11.2 times for all the herbicides at both incubation temperatures due to their higher adsorption and lower bioavailability. The herbicides recorded a faster degradation at 24 °C (1.2–3.9 times) than at 14 °C, according to Q10 values >1. SMOC metabolites were more persistent in WS-amended soils than in unamended ones, in agreement with the DT50 values recorded for the parent compound. The results indicate that the effect of the mulch applied to soils as an organic amendment was different depending on the herbicide and incubation temperature. The outcomes of this research can give key suggestions for reducing the effects of residual herbicides following sustainable agricultural practices by avoiding soil and groundwater contamination, which is one of the challenges involved in the application of chemical inputs.
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•Degradation of three herbicides in wheat straw (WS) and WS-amended soils was assessed.•The degradation rate of SMOC on WS was more rapid than that observed for FORAM and TCM.•The half-lives (DT50) were lower for FORAM than for SMOC and TCM in the unamended and WS-amended soils.•WS in soils increased the DT50 of all herbicides at 14°C and 24°C due to their higher adsorption.•Sustainable agricultural practices modify the behaviour of herbicides in WS mulching and WS-amended soils.
Abstract
Energy-dissipation elastomers relying on their viscoelastic behavior of chain segments in the glass transition region can effectively suppress vibrations and noises in various fields, yet ...the operating frequency of those elastomers is difficult to control precisely and its range is narrow. Here, we report a synergistic strategy for constructing polymer-fluid-gels that provide controllable ultrahigh energy dissipation over a broad frequency range, which is difficult by traditional means. This is realized by precisely tailoring the relaxation of confined polymer fluids in the elastic networks. The symbiosis of this combination involves: elastic networks forming an elastic matrix that displays reversible deformation and polymer fluids reptating back and forth to dissipate mechanical energy. Using prototypical poly (n-butyl acrylate) elastomers, we demonstrate that the polymer-fluid-gels exhibit a controllable ultrahigh energy-dissipation property (loss factor larger than 0.5) with a broad frequency range (10
−2
~ 10
8
Hz). Energy absorption of the polymer-fluid-gels is over 200 times higher than that of commercial damping materials under the same dynamic stress. Moreover, their modulus is quasi-stable in the operating frequency range.
•A high efficiency thermal extrusion sheet problem has been investigated.•Energy conversion is application for heat and mass transfer thermal system.•Heat transfer enhancement are observed with ...Maxwell fluids.•The stretching sheet is with mixed convection, radiation and electric MHD effects.•The results are comparison with other studies have been examined.
The present study is one kind of numerical application to a thermal extrusion manufacturing processing system energy conversion problem by using some improved parameters control method. Combined electrical MHD Ohmic dissipation forced and free convection of an incompressible Maxwell fluid on a stagnation point heat and mass transfer energy conversion problem have been studied. The governing equations are solved by an analysis similarity transformation method and an improved numerical finite difference method. The above two methods have been used to analyze present problem which is provided a different method to deal with the similar thermal system energy conversion problems by using parameter control method. The combination thermal system numerical solutions of the flow velocity field, temperature field, mass transfer and heat conduction had been produced out as functions of the viscoelastic number (E), Prandtl number (Pr) and buoyancy parameters (Gc, Gt), etc. The effects of related importance parameters have also been discussed in detail. The results are shown that it will be produced greater heat transfer effects with larger values of viscoelastic number, Prandtl number, free convection parameters, electric parameter (E1), heat source/sink (AL) and conduction-convection number (Ncc). At last, it can be obtained a higher efficiency thermal extrusion system.
We show that a cyclic unitary process can extract work from the thermodynamic equilibrium state of an engineered quantum dissipative process. Systems in the equilibrium states of these processes ...serve as batteries, storing energy. The dissipative process that brings the battery to the active equilibrium state is driven by an agent that couples the battery to thermal systems. The second law of thermodynamics imposes a work cost for the process; however, no work is needed to keep the battery in that charged state. We consider simple examples of these batteries and discuss situations in which the charged state has full population inversion, in which case the extractable work is maximal, and circumstances in which the efficiency of the process is maximal.
Alleviating large stress is critical for high‐energy batteries with large volume change upon cycling, yet this still presents a challenge. Here, a gradient hydrogen‐bonding binder is reported for ...high‐capacity silicon‐based anodes that are highly desirable for the next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. The well‐defined gradient hydrogen bonds, with a successive bond energy of −2.88– −10.04 kcal mol−1, can effectively release the large stress of silicon via the sequential bonding cleavage. This can avoid recurrently abrupt structure fracture of traditional binder due to lack of gradient energy dissipation. Certainly, this regulated binder endows stable high‐areal‐capacity silicon‐based electrodes >4 mAh cm−2. Beyond proof of concept, this work demonstrates a 2 Ah silicon‐based pouch cell with an impressive capacity retention of 80.2% after 700 cycles (0.028% decay/cycle) based on this gradient hydrogen‐bonding binder, making it more promising for practical application.
A gradient H‐bonding polymer binder for Si‐based anodes is reported, where the H‐bond energies are regulated in a wide range. The well‐defined gradient hydrogen bonds can effectively release stress and maintain the integrity of the electrode via sequential bonding cleavage. Additionally, a 2 Ah pouch cell with an impressive capacity retention makes this binder more promising for practical application.
We describe a unique averaging procedure to design an entropy stable dissipation operator for the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and compressible Euler equations. Often in the derivation of an ...entropy conservative numerical flux function much care is taken in the design and averaging of the entropy conservative numerical flux. We demonstrate in this work that if the discrete dissipation operator is not carefully chosen as well it can have deleterious effects on the numerical approximation. This is particularly true for very strong shocks or high Mach number flows present, for example, in astrophysical simulations. We present the underlying technique of how to construct a unique averaging technique for the discrete dissipation operator. We also demonstrate numerically the increased robustness of the approximation.
Observations of gamma-ray-bursts and jets from active galactic nuclei reveal that the jet flow is characterized by a high radiative efficiency and that the dissipative mechanism must be a powerful ...accelerator of non-thermal particles. Shocks and magnetic reconnection have long been considered as possible candidates for powering the jet emission. Recent progress via fully-kinetic particle-in-cell simulations allows us to revisit this issue on firm physical grounds. We show that shock models are unlikely to account for the jet emission. In fact, when shocks are efficient at dissipating energy, they typically do not accelerate particles far beyond the thermal energy, and vice versa. In contrast, we show that magnetic reconnection can deposit more than 50 per cent of the dissipated energy into non-thermal leptons as long as the energy density of the magnetic field in the bulk flow is larger than the rest-mass energy density. The emitting region, i.e. the reconnection downstream, is characterized by a rough energy equipartition between magnetic fields and radiating particles, which naturally accounts for a commonly observed property of blazar jets.
•State-of-the-art review on friction type passive energy dissipation devices.•Development and application of passive dry friction damper is presented chronologically.•Limitations, challenges, and ...uncertainties associated with friction dampers are discussed.•Future research directions are highlighted.
This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on friction type passive energy dissipation devices. Friction dampers are highly preferred as an energy dissipation device, particularly for the seismic fortification of the engineering structures due to their simplicity, reliability, and maximum energy dissipation as a result of the generation of rectangular hysteretic loops. Additionally, their performance is not significantly influenced by the loading amplitude, frequency, and the number of cycles. Hence, with a better understanding of friction mechanism and behavior, numerous novel passive dry friction dampers have been invented and applied in the field of civil engineering since 1980. However, decades of studies over these dampers are highly scattered throughout the academic community. Hence, the availability of many valuable pieces of research is out of reach for further studies. Therefore, a holistic chronological detail of advancement (development and application) in the field of passive friction dampers has been presented systematically in this study. The major purpose of this paper is to present an integrated and holistic overview of passive friction damper for the ease of further studies and generate future research directions for researchers who will be working in this field.
In this article, we investigate the behavior of a progressively stretched porous sheet by studying the flow and heat transmission in the boundary layer. The novelty of the problem is to examine ...activation energy and Joule heating across the melting surface. The word for radiation of heat is included in the temperature computation. Similarity transformations are used to transform partial differential equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations for problems involving movement, temperature, and concentration. The most effective solutions to these problems are found with the help of the MATLAB algorithm bvp4c. According to the data, the percentage increases along with the activation energy (Ea). The velocity declines with increasing of melting parameter and reflects on momentum boundary layer. The temperature lowered as the quantities of thermosphoresies parameter rises and reflects on thermal boundary layer. Increases in the
and
factors lead to a greater concentration and reflects on its boundary layer.
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