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•Interaction between BSA and four antibiotics was studied by fluorescence quenching.•Static quenching occurred and binding ability followed order: TTC > CPC > OTC > PEG.•β-lactam ...showed higher removal rate than tetracycline by γ-radiation only or with BSA.•No correlation between k/kBSA and the binding affinity was observed.•BSA has little effect trend of abatement of antimicrobial activity by γ-irradiation.
In this study, to explore the influence of protein on antibiotics degradation during ionizing irradiation, the binding interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the broad spectrum β-lactam and tetractycline antibiotics and its effect on antibiotic degradation were investigated. Static quenching happened between BSA and antibiotics involving penicillin G (PEG), cephalosporin C (CPC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and tetracycline hydrochloride (TTC), indicating the formation of non-fluorescence complexes. The binding capacity followed the order: TTC > CPC > OTC > PEG. As exposed to γ-irradiation, the β-lactam antibiotics showed a higher degradation rate than the tetracyclines. The degradation rate constant (k) of CPC and PEG was 1.4–2.0 times higher than that of OTC and TTC. In presence of BSA, the k values (kBSA) of all the four antibiotics decreased greatly and the degradation rate of CPC and PEG was still higher by 1.2–1.3 times than that of OTC and TTC. No correlation between k/kBSA and the binding affinity was observed. The presence of BSA has little effect on the trend of abatement of antimicrobial activity to S. aureus during γ-irradiation. This suggests that the inhibition of protein to antibiotic degradation was mainly attributed to the competition of protein for the active species such as ·OH radical formed during γ-irradiation, while the binding ability of protein to antibiotics has no obvious effect. The results of this study contributed to develop technical strategies to improve the removal of antibiotics completely in real water matrices.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the biogeochemical function development of bauxite residue. Nevertheless, the DOM composition at the molecular level and its interaction with ...microbial community during soil formation of bauxite residue driven by eco-engineering strategies are still relatively unknown. In the present study, the DOM composition at the molecular level and its interactions with the microbial community in amended and revegetated bauxite residue were explored. The results showed that the amendment applications and revegetation enhanced the accumulation of unsaturated molecules with high values of double bond equivalent (DBE) and nominal oxidation of carbon (NOSC) and aromatic compounds with high values of modified aromaticity index (AImod) as well as the reduction of average weighted molecular mass of DOM molecules. Significant correlations between DOM molecules and the microbial community and Fe/Al oxides were found. DOM molecules were decomposed by the microbial community and sequestered onto Fe/Al oxides, which were the main driving factors that changed DOM chemodiversity in the amended and revegetated bauxite residue. These findings are beneficial for understanding the biogeochemical behaviours of DOM and providing a critical basis for the development of eco-engineering strategies towards soil formation and the sustainable revegetation of bauxite residue.
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•DOM molecules interaction with microbial community in revegetated bauxite residue were investigated.•Revegetation enhanced the enrichment of DOM and development of microbial community in bauxite residue.•Saturated DOM compounds transformed into unsaturated DOM compounds in revegetated bauxite residue.•Microbial community and Fe/Al oxides were the main driving factors influencing DOM chemodiversity.
The accessibility of iron (Fe) species for microbial processes is dependent on solubility and redox state, which are influenced by complexation with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and ...water-extractable organic matter (WEOM). We evaluated the complexation of these pools of organic matter to soluble Fe(II) and Fe(III) in the slightly acidic Schlöppnerbrunnen fen and subsequent effects on Fe(II) oxidation and Fe(III) reduction. We found the majority of soluble Fe(II) and Fe(III) is complexed to DOM. High-resolution mass spectrometry identified potential complexing partners in peat-derived water extracts (PWE), including compound classes known to function as ligands or electron shuttles, like tannins and sulfur-containing compounds. Furthermore, we observed clear differences in the stability of Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-DOM, with more labile complexes dominating the upper, oxic layers (0–10 cm) and more stable complexes in lower, anoxic layers (15–30 cm). Metal isotope-coded profiling identified a single potential chemical formula (C42H57O13N9Fe2) associated with a stable Fe-DOM complex. Fe(III) reduction and Fe(II) oxidation incubations with Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 or Sideroxydans CL-21, respectively, were used to determine the influence of Fe-DOM complexes on Fe cycling rates. The addition of PWE led to a 2.3-fold increase in Fe(III) reduction rates and 0.5-fold increase in Fe(II) oxidation rates, indicating Fe-DOM complexes greatly influence microbial Fe cycling by potentially serving as electron shuttles. Molecular analyses revealed Fe(III)-reducing and Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria co-exist across all depths, in approximately equal proportions (representing 0.1–1.0% of the total microbial community), despite observed changes in redox potential. The activity of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria might explain the presence of the detected Fe(II) stabilized via complexation with DOM even under oxic conditions in upper peat layers. Therefore, these Fe(II)-DOM complexes can be recycled by microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizers. Taken together, these results suggest Fe-DOM complexation in the fen accelerates microbial-mediated redox processes across the entire redox continuum.
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•This field study of an Fe-rich peatland underlies the importance of Fe species determination.•The majority of Fe is complexed by DOM and keeps Fe(II) and Fe(III) in solution.•DOM stabilizes Fe(II) in oxic soil layers and contributes to the redox equilibria.•Fe-DOM-complexes enhance microbially-mediated Fe cycling.•Fe(II) and Fe(III) across all depths allows co-existence of Fe-cycling microorganisms.
In recent years, rigid analogs of phenylalkylamine hallucinogens have appeared as recreational drugs. Examples include 2-(8-bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo1,2-b:4,5-b′difuran-4-yl)ethan-1-amine ...(2C-B-FLY) and 1-(8-bromobenzo1,2-b;4,5-b’difuran-4-yl)-2-aminopropane (Bromo-DragonFLY, DOB-DFLY). Although some rigid compounds such as DOB-DFLY reportedly have higher potency than their non-rigid counterparts, it is not clear whether the same is true for 2C-B-FLY and other tetrahydrobenzodifurans. In the present study, the head twitch response (HTR), a 5-HT2A receptor-mediated behavior induced by serotonergic hallucinogens, was used to assess the effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB) and its α-desmethyl homologue 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B), as well as their benzodifuranyl and tetrahydrobenzodifuranyl analogs, in C57BL/6J mice. DOB (ED50 = 0.75 μmol/kg) and 2C-B (ED50 = 2.43 μmol/kg) induced the HTR. The benzodifurans DOB-DFLY (ED50 = 0.20 μmol/kg) and 2C-B-DFLY (ED50 = 1.07 μmol/kg) had significantly higher potency than DOB and 2C-B, respectively. The tetrahydrobenzodifurans DOB-FLY (ED50 = 0.67 μmol/kg) and 2C-B-FLY (ED50 = 1.79 μmol/kg), by contrast, were approximately equipotent with their non-rigid counterparts. Three novel tetrahydrobenzodifurans (2C-I-FLY, 2C-E-FLY and 2C-EF-FLY) were also active in the HTR assay but had relatively low potency. In summary, the in vivo potency of 2,5-dimethoxyphenylalkylamines is enhanced when the 2- and 5-methoxy groups are incorporated into aromatic furan rings, whereas potency is not altered if the methoxy groups are incorporated into dihydrofuran rings. The potency relationships for these compounds in mice closely parallel the human hallucinogenic data. The high potency of DOB-DFLY is probably linked to the presence of two structural features (a benzodifuran nucleus and an α-methyl group) known to enhance the potency of phenylalkylamine hallucinogens.
•The hallucinogens 2C-B and DOB induced head twitches in mice.•Tethering the methoxy groups into a benzodifuran nucleus increased potency.•Tethering the methoxy groups into a tetrahydrobenzodifuran nucleus did not alter potency.•The benzodifuran hallucinogen Bromo-DragonFLY was highly potent in mice.
The negative effects of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on the environment and health have recently attracted much attention. This article reviews the influence of soil- and water-derived dissolved ...organic matter (DOM) on the environmental fate of PFAS. In addition to being co-adsorped with PFAS to increase the adsorption capacity, DOM competes with PFAS for adsorption sites on the surface of the material, thereby reducing the removal rate of PFAS or increasing water solubility, which facilitates desorption of PFAS in the soil. It can quench some active species and inhibit the degradation of PFAS. In contrast, before DOM in water self-degrades, DOM has a greater promoting effect on the degradation of PFAS because DOM can complex with iron, iodine, among others, and act as an electron shuttle to enhance electron transfer. In soil aggregates, DOM can prevent microorganisms from being poisoned by direct exposure to PFAS. In addition, DOM increases the desorption of PFAS in plant root soil, affecting its bioavailability. In general, DOM plays a bidirectional role in adsorption, degradation, and plant uptake of PFAS, which depends on the types and functional groups of DOM. It is necessary to enhance the positive role of DOM in reducing the environmental risks posed by PFAS. In future, attention should be paid to the DOM-induced reduction of PFAS and development of a green and efficient continuous defluorination technology.
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•Reviewing the influence of DOM on the fate of PFAS.•Types and functional groups of DOM cause the difference in the fate of PFAS.•The potential of DOM reducing the environmental risk of PFAS were proposed.
The molecular-level interactions between phytoplankton-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heterotrophic prokaryotes represent a fundamental and yet poorly understood component of the marine ...elemental cycle. Here, we investigated the degradation of
-derived organic matter (SynOM) by coastal microorganisms using spectroscopic and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry analyses coupled with high-throughput sequencing. The added SynOM showed a spectrum of reactivity during a 180-day dark incubation experiment. Along with the decrease in DOM bioavailability, the chemical properties of DOM molecules overall showed increases in oxidation state and aromaticity. Both the microbial community and DOM molecular compositions became more homogeneous toward the end of the incubation. The experiment was partitioned into three phases (I, II, and III) based on the total organic carbon consumption rates from 7.0 ± 1.0 to 1.0 ± 0.1 and to 0.1 ± 0.0 μmol C L
day
, respectively. Diverse generalists with low abundance were present in all three phases of the experiment, while a few abundant specialists dominated specific phases, suggesting their diverse roles in the transformation of DOM molecules from labile and semilabile to recalcitrant. The changes of organic molecules belonging to CHO, CHNO, and CHOS containing formulas were closely associated with specific microbial populations, suggesting close interactions between the different bacterial metabolic potential for substrates and DOM molecular compositional characteristics. This study sheds light on the interactions between microbial population succession and DOM molecular changes processes and collectively advances our understanding of microbial processing of the marine elemental cycle.
Phytoplankton are a major contributor of labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the upper ocean, fueling tremendous marine prokaryotic activity. Interactions between microorganisms and algae-derived DOM regulate biogeochemical cycles in the ocean, but key aspects of their interactions remain poorly understood. Under global warming and eutrophication scenarios,
blooms are commonly observed in coastal seawaters, and they significantly influence the elemental biogeochemistry cycling in eutrophic ecosystems. To understand the interactions between
-derived DOM and heterotrophic prokaryotes as well as their influence on the coastal environment, we investigated the degradation of DOM by coastal microbes during a 180-day dark incubation. We showed substantial DOM compositional changes that were closely linked to the developments of microbial specialists and generalists. Our study provides information on the interactions between microbial population succession and DOM molecular changes, thereby advancing our understanding of microbial processing of the marine DOM pool under the influence of climate change.
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•Hg and DOM concentrations increased dramatically during snowmelt.•Clockwise C-Q hysteresis for filtered THg concentrations.•Hg was predominantly in the dissolved fraction.•DOM was ...dominated by humic and fulvic acids from soils.•Most Hg and DOM export occurred during the snowmelt period by soil water flushing.
The mechanisms of Hg and dissolved organic matter (DOM) transport from watersheds to streams remain unclear, especially in snowmelt dominated montane systems. We characterized total Hg concentrations and DOM characteristics during snowmelt by weekly and/or monthly sampling at three locations in the upper Provo River, northern Utah, over two water years (2016 and 2017). Total Hg concentrations increased from <1 ng/L during baseflow to >7 ng/L during the snowmelt period (April–June), with decreasing concentrations from upstream to downstream. Filtered THg concentrations accounted for 65–75% of the unfiltered concentrations, suggesting that Hg is primarily transported in the dissolved phase. Annual THg loading in the upper Provo River was approximately 1 kg/yr, with ~90% of the flux occurring during the snowmelt period. Filtered THg concentrations were strongly correlated with in-situ fluorescence DOM (fDOM) measurements, allowing for the development of high-resolution proxy THg concentrations. Further, DOM characteristics, evaluated using excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), identified the dominance of soil humic and fulvic acid fractions of DOM during runoff. Total Hg concentrations were low in snowpack but elevated in ephemeral streams during snowmelt runoff, indicating that Hg originated from shallow soil water rather than snow. Concentration—discharge relationships revealed clockwise hysteresis patterns, suggesting that Hg was flushed from soils on the rising limb of the hydrograph. Our results demonstrate that a majority of Hg transport occurs with a flux of DOM during the short snowmelt season as shallow soils are flushed by meltwater. The snowmelt-driven Hg pulse is a substantial source to downstream reservoirs and potentially contributes to a fish consumption advisory.
When Poland regained independence in 1918, there was a need to start a battle for the health of its citizens, mainly for the elimination of the ubiquitous tuberculosis. The reborn state could not ...afford large-scale activities aimed at creating a health prophylaxis system by building treatment infrastructure. Under such circumstances, many rest homes, health centres and even sanatoriums were created and maintained under the voluntary taxation of citizens. One of the first centres of this type was founded in 1922 by Roman Catholic clergy in Truskavets. The three “Księżówka” retreat houses, opened before the outbreak of World War I, on the territory of the Austrian partition, were a kind of role model for them. The first Tarnów diocese was launched in 1897, in Szkolna street in Zakopane. The second one was established in 1901 in Worochcie. The Association for Mutual Help of Priests, established in 1891 in Lviv, played the role of the initiator and “investor”. In 1910 a similar facility was opened in Zakopane. It was the work of the Association of the Health House for Priests, established in Krakow in 1891. The “Księżówka” in Truskavets, organized in the villas “Hospice” and “Maria Helena”, functioned until the end of the interwar period.
Thermal stratification often occurs in deep-water bodies, including oceans, lakes, and reservoirs. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in regulating the dynamics of aquatic food webs ...and water quality in aquatic ecosystems. In the past, thermal stratification boundaries have been sometimes used exclusively to analyze the vertical distribution of DOM in thermally stratified water bodies. However, the validity of this practice has been challenged. Currently, there is limited understanding of the formation mechanism and stratification of the vertical distribution of DOM in thermally stratified water bodies, which hinders the analysis of the interactions between DOM and vertical aquatic ecological factors.
To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive study to extensively collect the vertical distribution of DOM in thermally stratified water bodies and identify the primary factors influencing this distribution. We found that DOM was independently stratified in thermally stratified water bodies (including two cases in unstratified water bodies), and that the formation mechanisms and statuses of DOM stratification were different from those of thermal stratification. The boundaries and numbers of DOM stratification were generally inconsistent with those of thermal stratification. Therefore, it is more accurate to divide DOM into different layers according to its own vertical profile, and analyze DOM characteristics of each layer based on its own stratification instead of thermal stratification. This study sheds light on the relationship between DOM and thermal stratification and provides a novel approach for analyzing DOM vertical distribution characteristics and their impact on aquatic ecosystems. This finding also holds significant implications for the design and implementation of environmental management programs aimed at preserving the health and functionality of aquatic ecosystems.
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•Analyzing DOM vertical distribution based on thermal stratification may be arguable.•DOM was found to be stratified independently in thermally stratified water bodies.•Some conformity existed between DOM and thermal stratification due to interaction.•DOM vertical distribution was primarily influenced by its sources and sinks.•DOM stratification's boundaries/numbers were different from thermal stratification.
Wastewater reuse for resolving water shortage is increasingly emphasized. The presence of DOM in wastewater is a main consideration for wastewater reuse. Therefore, systematic understanding of ...characteristic changes of DOM in different wastewater treatment processes is needed. As biotechnology together with disinfection operation has been used widely by WWTPs to treat wastewater, this review aims to introduce the recent advances in the effects of wastewater biological treatment and disinfection on the characteristics of DOM. Firstly, the composition of DOM in WWTPs is introduced. Then, the effects of wastewater treatments on hydrophobicity, MW distribution and optical characteristics of DOM and their correlations are reviewed. Also, the influences of wastewater treatments on biodegradability and biotoxicity of DOM are discussed. Finally, the environmental impact of effluent DOM is summarized. Since the discharge of wastewater effluent DOM to the environment not only influences nutrient uptake by bacteria, plankton and algae, and phototransformation rate of micropollutants in natural water, but also changes DOM level and physicochemical properties of soil.
•The changes of MW distribution, hydrophobicity and optical properties of DOM during wastewater treatment were reviewed.•The relationship between MW distribution, hydrophobicity and composition of DOM was analyzed by optical properties.•The transformation of DOM characteristics changed its biodegradability and biotoxicity.•Effluent DOM affected nutrient uptake, pollutant phototransformation in river, and physicochemical properties of soil.
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