In the P
50 gating or conditioning-testing paradigm in the rat, two identical click stimuli are presented with an inter-click interval of 500 ms. The reaction towards the second click, as measured ...with evoked potentials, is reduced in respect to that towards the first click; this phenomenon is called sensory gating. In the present experiments, the inter-click interval was varied systematically and auditory evoked potentials were measured. Sensory gating was found to occur only at intervals between 500 and 1000 ms, but not at longer intervals. Fos immunohistochemistry was then performed using two groups of rats exposed to double clicks: the inter-click interval was 500 ms in the experimental group and 2500 ms in the control group. Fos induction was analyzed in selected brain structures. In the auditory pathways, Fos-immunoreactive neurons were found in both groups of rats in the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body. Fos-immunoreactive cells were also examined in the septum and hippocampus. In the ventral part of the lateral septal nucleus, the labeled neurons were significantly fewer in the experimental animals compared to the control group. Smaller and non-significant quantitative differences of Fos-positive neurons were documented in the medial septum and hippocampal CA1 region. These data point out a selective decrease in the lateral septum of Fos induced by auditory sensory gating, and suggest an involvement of this structure, and possibly of other parts of the septo-hippocampal system, in sensory gating mechanisms. The results might be relevant for theories on sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia.
This chapter highlights the primitives that make up the basic language of interaction. If one is building a top platform, some of those primitives may have been defined already, but there is no rule ...that one must use them. In truth, most of the UI toolkits and platforms designed for touch either contain only a very small set of primitives, or they have the wrong ones. The building blocks of an interaction language are what are referred as primitives. Modern software design is divided up into professions, often distinguished as information architecture, interaction design, and visual design. None of these operate at a sufficiently low level to create designs for new technologies. The vast majority of designers has never considered the fundamental mechanics of a link, or a click. This concept was so ingrained in their understanding of computers that they think of it as axiomatic. Click has become a part of the language spoken by users of interactive technologies.
This chapter guides you through setting up all the essential components of your Ubuntu installation. This includes hardware configuration, as well as setting up e-mail. It covers the ...post-installation steps necessary to get your system up and running efficiently.
Brain stem electric responses (BSER), evoked by acoustic stimuli, were investigated in 29 patients with multiple sclerosis and compared with the responses in a control group of 26 young adults ...without neurological disease or hearing defect. The procedure included monaural and binaural stimulus presentation of single clicks and pairs of clicks. In the evaluations the vertex-positive Jewett I, III and V response components, and the vertex-negative "FFP7" peak were considered. In the assessment of the BSER components, the FFP7 (the vertex-negative 7 ms far field potential following the JewettV wave) proved to be the best single component with respect to reproducibility in normal subjects. In addition the FFP7 was the single most consistently abnormal component in the patient group. Determination of the latency of the Jewett components and the interpeak conduction times, however, contributed further to the disclosure of the abnormal cases. Five of the patients whose hearing was impaired were considered separately. Of the remaining 24 patients, 20 (83%) had BSER abnormalities. Further analysis did not reveal a clear correlation between BSER abnormalities and clinical signs of brain stem dysfunction.
Here, we present our findings of free-flying echolocation calls of
Himalayan swiftlets ( Aerodramus brevirostris ), which were recorded
in Shenjing Cave, Hupingshan National Reserve, Shimen County, ...Hunan
Province in June 2012, using Avisoft-UltraSoundGate 116(e). We noted
that after foraging at dusk, the Himalayan swiftlets flew fast into the
cave without clicks, and then slowed down in dark area in the cave, but
with sounds. The echolocation sounds of Himalayan swiftlets are
broadband, double noise burst clicks, separated by a short pause. The
inter-pulse intervals between double clicks (99.3±3.86
ms）were longer than those within double clicks (6.6±0.42
ms) (P<0.01). With the exception of peak frequency, between
6.2±0.08 kHz and 6.2±0.10 kHz, (P>0.05) and pulse duration
2.9±0.12 ms, 3.2±0.17 ms, (P>0.05) between the first and
second, other factors-maximum frequency, minimum frequency,
frequency bandwidth, and power-were significantly different
between the clicks. The maximum frequency of the first pulse
(20.1±1.10 kHz) was higher than that of second (15.4±0.98
kHz) (P<0.01), while the minimum frequency of the first pulse
(3.7±0.12 kHz) was lower than that of second (4.0±0.09 kHz)
(P<0.05); resulting in the frequency bandwidth of the first pulse
(16.5±1.17 kHz) longer than that of second (11.4±1.01 kHz)
(P<0.01). The power of the first pulse (−32.5±0.60 dB)
was higher than that of second (−35.2±0.94 dB) (P<0.05).
More importantly, we found that Himalayan swiftlets emitted
echolocation pulses including ultrasonic sound, with a maximum
frequency reaching 33.2 kHz.
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