This research examines gatekeepers’ categorization work to assess and sort audience members. Using a multi-sited ethnography and interpretivist qualitative lens, we explore how high-value art ...gallerists sort buyers via categories, but also encourage conformity with preferred audience categories, both for artistic consecration goals and to discourage disruptive speculation. Categories served as reference points, with preferred and problematic buyer categories providing a discursive socialization tool, but also informing gatekeeping strategies, for example, problematic behaviors and buyer categories led to value-protecting gatekeeping and exclusion, often justified in moral terms. Monitoring continued throughout the relationship, with decisions considered both fair and necessary for gallerists’ professional practice. Gatekeeping decisions included long-term temporal considerations, prompting strategies including ‘placement’, monitoring and audience recategorization. This extends gatekeeping beyond simply passing muster at the ‘gate’. We also illustrate the dynamic and fluid nature of hidden categories, which provide gatekeepers with heightened abilities to punish perceived wrongdoing.
‘Duty of care’ refers to a person’s obligation to act toward others in a certain way and in accordance with certain standards, says the RCN. For nurses, the concept of duty of care includes legal, ...ethical and professional duties.
At the turn of the 20h century, state courts were roiled by claims against telegraph corporations for mental anguish resulting from the failure to deliver telegrams involving the death or injury of a ...family member. Although these "telegraph cases" at first may seem a bizarre outlier, they in fact reveal an important and understudied moment of transformation in the nature of the relationship between the corporation and the public: the role of affective relations in the development of the category of the public utility corporation. Even as powerful corporations were recast as private, rights-bearing, profit-making market actors in constitutional law, a significant minority of rural state courts deviated from the common law to impose liability for mental anguish on negligent telegraph corporations. They did so on the basis that telegraph companies bore a duty to protect the emotional wellbeing and family connections of their customers. In this, courts gave voice to the popular view, voiced by telegraph users and promoted by the companies themselves, of the telegraph corporation as a faithful servant of individual families and communities. In so doing, they embedded the historical and popular perception of the corporation as "servant" into the definition of "public service." This article exposes the private law of the public service corporation and the non-economic dimension of the legal category of "public utility." Current scholarship has focused on how turn-of-the-century jurists developed the category of "public utility" or "public service" corporation to justify state economic regulations that would otherwise infringe on corporations' newfound constitutional rights. The telegraph cases reveal a concurrent and complementary development in tort law: the imposition of affective responsibilities on certain corporations as well. Illuminating this doctrine offers an example of how the public utility category could be mobilized to protect the emotional as well as economic wellbeing of the public today.
Transport activities are essential for economic and social development. Nevertheless, the transport sector has also shown the fastest growth in energy consumption in the European Union and its ...contribution to increasing greenhouse gas emissions merits the thorough attention of academics and policy makers. In this paper we analyze the relationship of economic growth and transport activities with transport final energy consumption. Energy Kuznets curves are estimated for a panel data set covering the EU27 countries in the period 1995–2009 for total transport energy use, household transport energy use, and productive transport energy use (all three in absolute and per capita energy use terms). The productive transport energy use and gross value added relationship are further considered as per hour worked. Finally, the control variables of energy prices and differences in the economic structures are tested. Empirical results show that the elasticity of transport energy use with respect to gross value added in per capita terms decreases from a threshold for the three transport energy consumption variables, but the turning point of improved environmental quality is not reached in any instance.
•Transport EKCs are estimated for the EU countries in the 1995–2009 period.•Total, household and production activity transport energy uses are analyzed.•Data support a concave shape, but the turning point is not reached.•Richer countries have more limited potential for energy efficiency policies.•EKCs elasticity values are considered to support policy interpretations.
A nurse was recently suspended for failing to carry out CPR on a collapsed patient. In her defence, she said she was ‘too old’ to employ the emergency procedure.
Nurses have always been advocates. They have, over the centuries, had to plead, support, and recommend changes to acute care and community health practices for the good of others. Nursing has a rich ...legacy of standing up for others.
Abstract
Social workers are confronted with a contradictory task: that of acting as state parents for unaccompanied asylum-seeking children, in an era of hostile migration policies and austerity. ...Mobilizing Young’s (2006) concept of ‘responsibility’, we ask: how is state parental responsibility towards unaccompanied minors given meaning, and with what consequences, for both frontline workers and unaccompanied minors alike? Drawing on interviews with frontline workers and unaccompanied minors in the United Kingdom (n = 107), we delineate three modes through which responsibility operates: namely outcomes, capacity and morality. We argue that the underlying logic of responsibility shifts the blame from sociopolitical structures to migrant children themselves, with crucial consequences for questions of social justice.
The active ingredient in most formulations is ethinyl estradiol (EE2), which is excreted from the body along with other, naturally occurring, oestrogens, passing through waste-water works into ...rivers, estuaries and lakes. Decades of research have shown that EE2 and other oestrogens cause widespread damage in the aquatic environment by disrupting endocrine systems in wildlife.
Corporate law lacks a general theory of a board's power as fiduciary, and consequently, the law governing corporate fiduciary duties is notably unstable. This Article offers a novel theory that ...grounds corporate fiduciary duties in stronger microeconomic and legal foundations. The theory, coined the Judicial Monitoring Model (JMM), shows that even imperfect judicial monitoring makes shareholders and boards better off, even when there is no claim of a breach of the duties of loyalty or care as currently understood. The JMM synthesizes the law governing corporate fiduciary duties and other doctrines that protect principals, beneficiaries, and creditors from the risk of agent misconduct due to moral hazard. And it explains why courts evaluate corporate fiduciary conduct in some situations and defer to the board's business judgment in others. The JMM also generates surprising empirical predictions. It predicts that, in some cases, courts can and do provide substantive review of corporate transactions even if boards are informed, disinterested, and appear to be acting in good faith. The Article finds evidence of such review in old and recent cases, including a startling number of overlooked cases involving corporate waste.
This study analyses the most recent trends in labour jurisprudence concerning poor performance to highlight that, contrary to what might initially appear, there is no contradiction in the latest ...rulings of the Supreme Court. Performance can have contractual relevance and, in line with the developments in medical liability jurisprudence, it is possible to assert that the employer’s allegation of failure to achieve an objectively required performance level, substantiated by adequate comparison standards, can establish a presumption of worker negligence. This, consequently, proves the existence of a breach of duty without the need to contest specific acts of omission or commission.
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