Pomorsko dobro ima poseban pravni status u Republici Hrvatskoj. Predstavlja opće dobro, res extra commercium, dakle izvan je vlasničkog režima i njime po posebnim propisima upravlja Republika ...Hrvatska. Takva definicija pomorskog dobra, u koje ulazi i morska obala, ima velike posljedice na sveukupno njegovo korištenje, zaštitu i gospodarske aktivnosti koje se na pomorskom dobru moraju obavljati po posebnim propisima na temelju koncesije, odnosno koncesijskog odobrenja. Iako je, slijedom navedenog, utvrđivanje granice pomorskog dobra na terenu iznimno važno, u praksi ono ide iznimno sporo i samo na zahtjev – što dovodi do ozbiljne pravne nesigurnosti. Nakon trideset godina od svoje neovisnosti, Republika Hrvatska još uvijek nema precizno određenu granicu svog pomorskog dobra. Stoga je postojeći model određivanja granice pomorskog dobra na terenu potrebno osuvremeniti i postaviti cilj – određivanje granice pomorskog dobra na cjelokupnoj hrvatskoj obali, čime bi se pravno uskladilo stanje i povećala pravna sigurnost. Postojeća literatura o pomorskom dobru govori o pravnoj prirodi pomorskog dobra, određivanju granice, gospodarskom korištenju i drugom. Ovaj je rad, prije svega, posvećen problematici oko utvrđivanja granice pomorskog dobra na hrvatskom Jadranu jer je nedovoljno pisano o organizacijskim i procesnim preduvjetima koje je potrebno ispuniti kako bi se taj opsežan posao napokon mogao odraditi.
During the COVID‐19 outbreak that took place in early 2020, the economic activities in China were drastically reduced and accompanied by a strong reduction in the emission of primary air pollutants. ...On the basis of measurements made at the monitoring stations operated by the China National Environmental Monitoring Center, we quantify the reduction in surface PM2.5, NO2, CO, and SO2 concentrations in northern China during the lockdown, which started on 23 January 2020. We find that, on the average, the levels of surface PM2.5 and NO2 have decreased by approximately 35% and 60%, respectively, between the period 1 and 22 January 2020 and the period 23 January and 29 February 2020. At the same time, the mean ozone concentration has increased by a factor 1.5–2. In urban area of Wuhan, where drastic measures were adopted to limit the spread of the coronavirus, similar changes in the concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and ozone are found.
Plain Language Summary
During the COVID‐19 outbreak that took place in China in early 2020, the surface emissions of air pollutants including nitrogen oxides (a product of combustion by traffic, industry, and residential activity) have been severely reduced following the lockdown of major cities. The level of aerosol pollution (particulate matter) has also been substantially reduced. These conditions have led to a substantial increase (a factor 1.5 to 2) in the concentration of surface ozone, a powerful oxidant that is responsible for severe health problems including pulmonary and cardiac diseases. The atmospheric concentration of tropospheric ozone results from complex photochemical processes that involve the presence of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and water vapor.
Key Points
Surface measurements made at more than 800 monitoring stations show that the mean levels of PM2.5 and NO2 in northern China have decreased by approximately 35% and 60%, respectively, after the lockdown following the COVID‐19 outbreak of early 2020
Simultaneously, the ozone concentration, a secondary pollutant responsible for severe health problems, has increased by a factor 1.5–2
The same type of behavior was observed specifically in the city of Wuhan, where COVID‐19 outbreak was first reported
While numerous studies have explored the spatial patterns and underlying causes of PM
2.5
at the urban scale, little attention has been paid to the spatial heterogeneity affecting PM
2.5
factors. In ...order to enrich this research field, we collected PM
2.5
monitoring data from 367 cities across China in 2016 and combined inverse distance weighted interpolation (IDW) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. As a result, we could dynamically describe the spatial distribution pattern of urban PM
2.5
at monthly, seasonal, and annual scales and investigate the spatial heterogeneity of the influential factors on urban PM
2.5
. Furthermore, in order to make the result more scientific and reasonable, the paper used selection.gwr function and bw.gwr function, respectively, to optimize model, thereby avoiding local collinearity caused by independent variables. The main results are as follows: (1) PM
2.5
in Chinese cities is characterized as time-space non-equilibrium pattern. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River corner region, the Pearl River Delta region, and the northeast region have formed a pollution-concentrating core area with Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as the axis, which brings greater difficulties and challenges to PM
2.5
governance. (2) The effects of various factors of socio-economic activities on the concentration of PM
2.5
have significant spatial heterogeneity among Chinese cities. (3) There is an inverted “U” curve between economic growth and PM
2.5
. When the per capita income reaches 47,000 yuan, the PM
2.5
emission reaches the peak, which proves the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). These findings could provide a significant reference for policy makers in China to facilitate targeted and differentiated regional PM
2.5
governance measures.
•The impact of HSR station placement on economic activities within cities was investigated.•Remote HSR stations influence the distance and direction of new land supply and emerging nighttime ...light.•The alignment between HSR’s impacts on land and light varies across cities.•Remote HSR stations rise the resource misallocation and ghost town risk in population-shrinking cities.•High accessibility and tertiary industry proportions magnify the spillovers of HSR station.
This study investigates the influence of high-speed rail (HSR) station placements on urban economic activities within cities. Specifically, we assess their effects on government-driven new land supply and market-driven emerging economic activities. Using data from 2007 to 2017, our analysis encompasses 720 HSR stations across 319 Chinese cities, with a focus on remote stations situated in the peripheral counties. Our findings reveal that remote HSR stations typically function as new city subcenters. They consistently drive the expansion of both land supply and economic activities (distance effect) and draw them toward the quadrant surrounding the station (direction effect). However, the alignment between their impacts on land supply and economic activities varies based on the city characteristics. In cities experiencing population declines, remote HSR stations notably affect land supply but have a negligible influence on economic activities, leading to resource misallocation and an increased risk of ghost towns. Furthermore, better HSR accessibility and higher tertiary industry proportions can magnify the spatial spillover effects of HSR station location on both land supply and economic activities.
The success of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) depends on solving the 'nexus' challenge: how can positive interactions between SDGs be optimised, and negative interactions minimised, in ...order to create co-benefits and reduce trade-offs? Due to their varying impacts on the SDGs, the economic activities undertaken by organisations present a key lever for operationalising this SDG-nexus. Yet the interactions between individual economic activities and the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development have not been systematically assessed, thus creating a vital operational bottleneck to achieving the SDGs. This paper conducts a systematic review of 876 articles published between 2005 and 2019 to study the nexus between individual economic activities, sustainable development in general, and the SDGs in specific. It finds that studies on agricultural, industrial, and manufacturing activities predominantly report negative impacts on environmental development, while literature on services activities highlight economic and social contributions. Overall, most economic activities are expected to positively impact industrialization, infrastructure, and innovation SDG 9 and economic productivity SDG 8, while many help meet basic needs SDGs 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11. However, negative impacts are widespread, afflicting ecosystems SDGs 14 and 15, climate change SDG 13 and human health SDG 3. We synthesise positive and negative interactions between individual economic activities and SDG targets and discuss implications for: integrated (nexus) governance approaches to the SDGs; the role of the private sector in promoting sustainable development; and for improving statistical classifications to monitor economic activities' SDG impacts.
The COVID-19 crisis has had deep adverse effects on a global level, affecting many economies and worsening their conditions which may have led to severe recession or even depression. The numbers of ...positive cases have risen sharply over the last few months, and the fatalities have also reached their peak. This study aims to examine the impact of the global financial crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic on the macroeconomic variables of the US economy. It also provides an understanding in a descriptive format, to analyze and compare the global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic, in a tabulated and graphical format. For analysis purposes, the tables and average method have been used. For the graphical formats, charts have been used for the later year of 2008, and the beginning of the 2009 global financial crisis. The first six months of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have also been taken into consideration. The results have confirmed that the current COVID-19 pandemic shows more severity in terms of economic activity, than the global financial crisis had experienced. Moreover, the impact of the crisis on the recession probabilities in the current pandemic is lower than that at the time of the global financial crisis.
The UK levelling up agenda includes a commitment to devolution, but there has been little attempt to model the operation of possible accompanying regional tax powers. We use computable general ...equilibrium simulations to analyse the local impacts of regional tax cuts. These reduce production costs, thereby stimulating regional economic activity. But the financing of any subsequent deficit and the operation of the regional labour market determines the size, nature and dynamics of resulting economic outcomes. Further, the decision to target labour or capital costs has implications for a range of regional economic impacts.
This paper intends to know the influence of COVID‐19 on the stock markets and economic activities across the world. To achieve the purpose, daily panel data of 12 selective countries covering four ...continents from January to April 2020 have been collected. The impact on stock markets has been measured by applying the event study method, while the panel vector autoregressive model has been applied to measure the impact on economic activities. The stock index of each country, purchasing managers’ index, COVID‐19 variables, namely the number of lockdown days, restriction in internal movement, restriction in international travel, fiscal measure, and confirmed cases have been used. The study observes the serious negative impact of the pandemic on stock market returns. European stock markets are the worst sufferer compared to others. All pandemic variables have a negative impact on stock markets; moreover, lockdown days and restriction on movement have a negative impact on economic activities. This study considers such countries which significantly represent the world economy and are a serious victim of COVID‐19 pandemic. The outcome‐based recommendations will help governments, regulatory authority, and policymakers to combat the crisis in different dimensions.
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