This analysis examines the potential of “cultured meat” products made from edible animal cell culture to measurably displace the global consumption of conventional meat. Recognizing that the ...scalability of such products must in turn depend on the scale and process intensity of animal cell production, this study draws on technoeconomic analysis perspectives in industrial fermentation and upstream biopharmaceuticals to assess the extent to which animal cell culture could be scaled like a fermentation process. Low growth rate, metabolic inefficiency, catabolite inhibition, and shear‐induced cell damage will all limit practical bioreactor volume and attainable cell density. Equipment and facilities with adequate microbial contamination safeguards have high capital costs. The projected costs of suitably pure amino acids and protein growth factors are also high. The replacement of amino‐acid media with plant protein hydrolysates is discussed and requires further study. Capital‐ and operating‐cost analyses of conceptual cell‐mass production facilities indicate economics that would likely preclude the affordability of their products as food. The analysis concludes that metabolic efficiency enhancements and the development of low‐cost media from plant hydrolysates are both necessary but insufficient conditions for displacement of conventional meat by cultured meat.
This analysis examines the potential of “cultured meat” products made from edible animal cell culture to measurably displace the global consumption of conventional meat. The bioreactor design, process design, and production cost implications of scaling an animal cell‐culture process like a fermentation process are investigated.
Hydrogen production through an alkaline electrolyzer as well as a techno‐economic and enviro‐economic analysis are presented. The proposal of this innovative study is to generate hydrogen gas energy ...from an alkaline electrolyzer energy system. The prototype of this alkaline electrolyzer was developed by application of hydrogen production through alkaline electrolyzer optimization. This novel chemical mixture is made up from the combination of ammonia, ethyl alcohol, urea, and deionized or distilled water. The result proved to be a model study by emphasizing the annual profit of the alkaline electrolyzer of a simple payback period of the prototype system. A prototype of alkaline electrolyzer is designed and developed to produce oxyhydrogen gas through water electrolysis.
An environmentally friendly prototype of an alkaline electrolyzer with high energy efficiency is manufactured, accompanied by techno‐economic calculations. Oxyhydrogen gas is produced through water electrolysis by the alkaline reaction with direct current feeding, due to the base electrolyte KOH in the alkaline electrolyzer. Factors for the enhancement of the performance were also evaluated.
O presente texto pretende discorrer acerca da Açào Direta de Inconstitucionalidade n. 5.766/DF, mormente no que permeia os argumentos estabelecidos pela Law and Economics trazidos pelos ministros ...Luis Roberto Barroso e Ricardo Lewandowski nos seus votos. Com base em metodología sistémica, examina os argumentos divergentes sobre o alcance e sobre a recepçào dessa específica vertente pelo texto constitucional, bem como o desacordó entre os ministros acerca de sua compreensào. Enquanto o ministro Barroso, em urna dimensao pragmática, sustenta a constitucionalidade da "Law and Economics", o ministro Ricardo Lewandowski afirma a sua inconstitucionalidade, o que faz do dissenso a marca do debate. Em sede final, considerou-se a perspectiva da necessidade de urna visáo teórica sobre o problema, a fim de que se possa consolidar um minimum racional sobre o tema, inclusive diferenciando os termos "Law and Economics" e "Economic Ana'jsis of Law"..
Dans le cadre du standard minimum de l'action 13, les juridictions se sont engagees a favoriser la transparence fiscale en demandant aux plus grands groupes d'entreprises multinationales de fournir ...la repartition globale de leurs revenus, impots et autres indicateurs du lieu de l'activite economique. Ces informations sans precedent sur les operations de ces groupes a travers le monde renforceront les capacites d'evaluation des risques des autorites fiscales. Le standard minimum de l'action 13 a ete traduit dans des termes de reference specifiques et une methodologie aux fins du processus d'examen par les pairs. L'examen par les pairs du standard minimum de l'action 13 se deroule annuellement, avec deja quatre revues annuelles effectuees en 2018, 2019, 2020 et 2021. Chaque examen annuel est consacre a differents aspects des trois elements fondamentaux soumis a examen : le cadre juridique et administratif national, le cadre d'echange de renseignements, ainsi que la confidentialite et l'usage approprie des declarations pays par pays. Ce rapport annuel d'examen par les pairs reflete les resultats du cinquieme examen qui a examine tous les aspects de la mise en A uvre. Il contient l'examen de 134 juridictions qui ont fourni des legislations ou des informations relatives a la mise en A uvre de la declaration pays par pays. Le present recueil inclut les versions en francais des rapports d'examen des pays francophones suivants : la Belgique, le Benin, le Cameroun, le Canada, le Congo, la Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, la France, le Gabon, Haiti, le Luxembourg, le Maroc, Maurice, la Principaute de Monaco, la Republique democratique du Congo, le Senegal, les Seychelles, la Suisse, le Togo et la Tunisie.
Prefácio do Valle, Mauricio Dalri Timm; Santana, Hadassah Lais; Tabak, Benjamin Miranda
Economic analysis of law review,
10/2022, Letnik:
13, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Background: The ability to calculate quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for patients with degenerative cervical disease would enhance treatment decision making and facilitate economic analysis. ...QALYs are calculated using utilities, or health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) weights. An instrument designed for cervical degeneration would increase the sensitivity and specificity of HRQoL assessments. The objective of this study is to develop a multi-attribute utility function for the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Methods: We recruited a sample of 2875 adults from a market research panel. Using an online discrete choice experiment (DCE), participants rated 12 choice sets on the basis of NDI health states. A multiattribute utility function was estimated using a mixed multinomial-logit regression model (MIXL). The sample was partitioned into a training set used for model fitting and validation set used for model evaluation. Results: The regression model demonstrated good predictive performance on the validation set with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.76-0.78). The regression model was used to develop a utility scoring rubric for the NDI. Regression results revealed that participants did not regard all NDI domains as equally important. The rank order of importance was (in decreasing order): pain intensity, work, personal care, headache, concentration, sleeping, driving, recreation, lifting and lastly reading. Conclusion: This study provides a simple technique for converting the NDI to utilities and quantifying the importance of NDI domains. The ability to evaluate QALYs for cervical degeneration will facilitate economic analysis and patient counselling. Clinicians should use these findings to offer treatments that maximize function in the attributes viewed most important by patients.
The pressing global challenges, including global warming and climate change, the Russia-Ukraine war, and the Covid-19 pandemic, all are indicative of the necessity of a transition from fossil-based ...systems toward bioenergy and bioproduct to ensure our plans for sustainable development. Such a transition, however, should be thoroughly engineered, considering the sustainability of the different elements of these systems. Advanced sustainability tools are instrumental in realizing this important objective. The present work critically reviews these tools, including techno-economic, life cycle assessment, emergy, energy, and exergy analyses, within the context of the bioenergy and bioproduct systems. The principles behind these methods are briefly explained, and then their pros and cons in designing, analyzing, and optimizing bioenergy and bioproduct systems are highlighted. Overall, it can be concluded that despite the promises held by these tools, they cannot be regarded as perfect solutions to address all the issues involved in realizing bioenergy and bioproduct systems, and integration of these tools can provide more reliable and accurate results than single approaches.
Cost‐effective production of green hydrogen is a major challenge for global adoption of a hydrogen economy. Technologies such as photoelectrochemical (PEC) or photocatalytic (PC) water splitting and ...photovoltaic + electrolysis (PV+E) allow for sustainable hydrogen production from sunlight and water, but are not yet competitive with fossil fuel‐derived hydrogen. Herein, open‐source software for techno‐economic analysis (pyH2A) along with a Monte Carlo‐based methodology for modelling of technological progress are developed. Together, these tools allow for the study of required technological improvement to reach a competitive target cost. They are applied to PEC, PC, and PV+E to identify required progress for each and derive actionable research targets. For PEC, it is found that cell lifetime improvements (>2 years) and operation under high solar concentration (>50‐fold) are crucial, necessitating systems with high space‐time yields. In the case of PC, solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency has to reach at least 6%, and lowering catalyst concentration (<0.2 g L−1) by improving absorption properties is identified as a promising path to low‐cost hydrogen. PV+E requires ≈two or threefold capital cost reductions for photovoltaic and electrolyzer components. It is hoped that these insights can inform materials research efforts to improve these technologies in the most impactful ways.
An open‐source software and Monte Carlo‐based methodology for the analysis of green hydrogen production are developed. These tools are used to analyze the required technological progress for cost‐competitive hydrogen production via photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting as well photovoltaic + electrolysis. Based on the results, actionable targets for materials research are derived.
Direct air capture (DAC) can help in reduction of atmospheric CO2 levels by capturing CO2 from disperse emission sources. We analyze DAC process through solid adsorbent and perform comprehensive ...energy and techno‐economic analysis for different parametric scenarios. The parameters are varied such that it reflects list of possible cases of DAC solid adsorbent systems ranging from worst case to best case situations. A mid‐range estimate has also been analyzed which considers the parameter values feasible with the current state of the art. The modeling results for the mid‐range estimate indicate that the cost of DAC lies between $86 and 221 per tCO2, the thermal energy range varies from 3.4 to 4.8 GJ per tCO2 captured and the electrical energy range varies from 0.55 to 1.12 GJ per tCO2 captured. For the best and worst case scenarios, the cost of DAC ranges from $14 to 1,065 per tCO2, thermal energy ranges from 1.85 to 19.30 per tCO2 captured and the electrical energy ranges from 0.08 to 3.79 GJ per tCO2 captured. Flux and intensity estimates have been performed which shows higher flux and lower intensity of DAC process as compared to a tropical tree.
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