Due to the pressure of global ecological degradation, the coordination of economic increase and ecological protection has drawn attention from policymakers and practitioners. Green economic ...efficiency (GEE) is a comprehensive index to measure economic, social, and environmental development. As China is the second-biggest economy in the world with high-energy consumption, it is necessary to investigate its green economy efficiency. In this paper, we innovatively adopt a super-SBM (slacks-based measure) model with undesirable outputs to calculate the GEE in 30 provinces of China between 2008 and 2017, and then comprehensively apply a spatial Dubin model (SDM) to investigated its influencing factors. The results showed that the overall GEE in China during the study period was at a low level with significant regional differences. The inter-regional GEE generally showed a gradient decreasing pattern of “East-Middle-West”, which demonstrates a gradual decline from the East to the West in China. The trend of the national GEE initially dropped and then gradually stabilized over the study period. Foreign trade dependence and direct investment had significant positive effects on the GEE, while the secondary industry and urbanization level had a significant negative effect.
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•Studying the concept of Green Economy Efficiency (GEE)•Coupling the Super-SBM model with the Spatial Dubin Model and Global Moran's I index•Finding the GEE in a gradient decreasing pattern of “East-Middle-West”•Revealing foreign trade dependency and direct investment with positive effects on GEE•Demonstrating secondary industry and urbanization level with significant negative effect
The paper aimed to analyze economic efficiency in broilers fattening . In this purpose , the study was carried out at Breading Prod Commercial Company, Giarmata, Timis County . The economic and ...financial results of two series of broilers fattening have been comparatively analyzed based on the following specific indicators variable costs ( one day chicken supply , medicines, disinfectants , veterinary services , straw bed, feeding, fuels, electricity , watering , labor force ) , fixed costs ( rent, interest, fixed assets depreciation , communication and other taxes ), total production costs , cost per marketed broiler, cost per square meter , cost per kg live weight , gross margin , incomes ( incomes coming from marketed broilers and subsidies) , profit, profit rate , profit per marketed broiler, profit per square meter, profit per kg live weight , costs to 1,000 incomes and incomes to 1,000 costs. This comparison proved that the higher the chickens series size , the higher costs and incomes . The both fatenning series have profitable but the series S2 registered lower financial performances .
Narrowing regional economic gaps and constructing an environmentally friendly society are two major objectives of China's current economic policies. Promoting green development in resource-based ...regions is a global issue. Focusing on China's Western Development Strategy (WDS), this study first calculates the provincial green economic efficiency (GEE) in China. The synthetic control method is adopted to evaluate the net effect of WDS on regional GEE. The transmission mechanisms are then investigated in perspective of the interregional flow of innovation factors. The results show that: (1) The GEE in coastal areas of China is generally higher than that of western China; (2) The WDS can improve the overall regional GEE but the effect decays over time and through the diversity of the regions; (3) WDS can improve regional GEE by introducing innovation factors into the western regions, further improving the regional industrial structure, urbanization, and labor quality; (4) The optimal scale of innovation factors flowing into the WDS regions is calculated. The transmission mechanisms will have a positive effect on the GEE of the western regions simultaneously only if the inflow scale of the innovation factors varies on the interval (0.347, 0.618). The paper concludes with targeted policies to promote regional green development.
How does China's Western Development Strategy Affect Regional Green Economic Efficiency? Display omitted
•The provincial green economy efficiencies of China are calculated.•The effect of China’s Western Development Strategy (WDS) on regional green economy efficiency is estimated via Synthetic Control Method.•The transmission mechanisms that WDS affect regional green economy efficiency are investigated.•The optimal scale of innovation factors flowing into WDS’s regions is calculated via the Panel Smooth Transition Regression model.
•Intercropping potato and legume improved productivity compared to pure stand.•Optimum population ratio of potato to legume was 1:2.4.•Yield loss decreased with an increasing proportion of ...legumes.•The intercropped potato was more aggressive in utilizing available resources than intercropped legume.•Intercropping potato and legume resulted in higher economic returns than pure stands.
Intercropping is gaining popularity in developing countries as a viable strategy for diversifying cropping systems to ease food insecurity, given that arable land is shrinking, and demand for food crops is increasing due to rapid population growth. A field experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016, to examine the biological and economic viability of two intercropping systems (potato-dolichos and potato-bean planted in two potatoes to legume population density ratios: 1.1:2 and 1: 2.4) and their corresponding pure stands. Intercropping systems were also evaluated based on five competition indices: relative crowding coefficient (K), aggressivity (A), competitive ratio (CR), intercropping advantage (IA) and actual yield loss (AYL). Although biological feasibility revealed that intercropping decreased the yield of intercrops compared with respective monocultures; the economic assessment of different cropping systems indicated that intercropping resulted in a higher remuneration (gross and net income) than pure stands. Intercropping potato with a high population of legume (in 1: 2.4 patterns), resulted in not only higher system productivity but also potato equivalent yield compared to 1.1:2. Intercropping proved to be advantageous with AYL decreasing with increasing proportion of the legumes, whereas IA increased as the population of legumes increased. With regard to competition between the intercrops, the potato was more aggressive (A of potato was positive, and its CR > 1) in all cropping systems, and it dominated over legume (that had negative A values and CR < 1). Aggressivity and dominance capacity was higher in 1: 2.4 than 1.1:2 series. These results suggest that potato-legume intercropping may provide viable intensification options, especially for smallholder farmers.
•Traditional tariffs are less fair than newer TOU and demand charge tariffs.•As D-RES grows, unfair cost transfers also grow for traditional tariffs.•With traditional tariffs, social welfare ...decreases as D-RES increases.•For newer tariff designs, social welfare is independent of D-RES amount.
Renewable generation is rapidly expanding across many electricity grids, often as distributed renewable energy sources (D-RES). D-RES, such as rooftop solar panels, change a household’s electric relationship with the external grid, demanding a likewise change in its economic relationship with the retailer. In particular, D-RES can impact fairness and economic efficiency considerations for electricity tariffs. We evaluate this impact on 5 tariffs, using per-minute data for 144 households in Austin, TX, USA. Our results show that traditional tariff designs allow for large wealth transfers, often to D-RES owners from non-owners, who may be paying on the median 22% more than their fair share. For economic efficiency, traditional tariffs again perform poorly. Newer time-based (time-of-use, or TOU, and real-time dynamic pricing) tariffs show few signs of cross-subsidization and better economic efficiency. Potential demand elasticity does not significantly alter conclusions for fairness, but significantly impacts those for economic efficiency. Our results clarify how different novel tariff designs in the renewable energy era achieve differing kinds and levels of fairness and efficiency; some acceptable, while others less so.
This Article summarizes the most salient components of my study WELFARE ECONOMICS AND ANTITRUST POLICY. It (1) distinguishes moral-rights (justice) analysis from moral-good analysis, (2) defines and ...examines the relevant extensions of the liberal conception of justice, (3) defines various egalitarian conceptions of the moral good and argues that libertarianism is not morally defensible and would not in any event have many of the extensions some claim it has, (4) defines various categories of antitrust-policy-coverable conduct (including natural and contrived oligopolistic conduct of various sorts and predatory conduct of various sorts), (5) defines the components of the gap between a product’s price and marginal cost that need to be distinguished respectively in individualized-pricing and across-the-board-pricing situations, (6) defines “investment competition” and identifies the determinants of its intensity, (7) explains why markets cannot be defined non-arbitrarily, (8) defines “the impact of a choice on economic efficiency” and lists various categories of economic inefficiency that can be generated, (9) delineates the protocol for predicting the economic efficiency of a choice that is ex ante economically efficient (which considers the impact of choices on many categories of economic inefficiency that conventional analyses ignore, takes economically efficient account of the fact that the individual exemplars of Pareto imperfections that would cause economic inefficiency in an otherwise-Pareto-perfect economy can counteract as well as compound each other’s misallocative tendencies, and considers how to take appropriate account of the fact that both analysis and its financing are allocative-costly), (10) examines the policy-relevance of a choice’s impact on economic efficiency, and (11) executes some preliminary antitrust-policy analyses.
The Marine economy serves as the blue engine for national economic growth in China. The improvement of the marine economy's total factor productivity is of great significance for achieving ...high-quality development. This paper measures the marine economic efficiency of 11 coastal areas in China from 2007 to 2017 with the EBM (Epsilon-based measure) model in DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) and explores its temporal and spatial evolutionary trends. On this basis, The spatial Dubin model (SDM) is constructed to explore the influencing factors and mechanisms to marine economic efficiency. The results show that: (1) Marine economic efficiency in China's coastal areas presents obvious characteristics of phase changes, which is dominated by the scale effect. (2) There is significant spatial heterogeneity in the efficiency of the marine economy in the northern, eastern, and southern marine economic zones. (3) Economic development level, economic growth expectations, and the degree of openness have a significant positive impact on the marine economic efficiency; the optimization of the marine industry structure that solely emphasizes the share of tertiary industry has a negative inhibitory effect on the efficiency of the marine economy; marine R&D investment has not yet produced an impact on economic efficiency. Finally, this paper proposes suggestions on policy-making based on relevant research conclusions. China should pursue high-quality development of the marine economy over high-speed growth. It is suggested that coastal regions should strengthen inter-regional cooperation to promote industrial clustering and give full play to the central driving role of innovation in marine economic development.
•We calculated the EBM-efficiency scores of 11 coastal provinces in China from 2007 to 2017.•China's marine economic efficiency shifted from scale-driven to technology-driven.•The efficiency of China's marine economy is spatially heterogeneous, with the highest score in the eastern region.•The level of economic development, growth expectations, and openness have a positive impact on marine economic efficiency.•Marine R&D investment has not yet produced an impact on China's marine economic efficiency.
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has generated increased interest among researchers to investigate and evaluate the impact of these technologies on economic efficiency. The purpose of ...this study is to identify and analyze the influence of digital technologies on economic efficiency in the countries of Europe and the European Union (EU) over seven years (2016-2022), for which the necessary data was found. The fundamental question of the study is: which countries in the European Union and across the entire European continent exhibit a trend of increasing revenues from the ERP system market, and among these, where is an influence on GDP observed? A group of 42 countries was analyzed, consisting of 27 countries from the European Union and 15 non-member countries, and the period studied ranges from 2016 to 2022. The study reveals that, generally, in countries where revenues from the ERP market are on the rise, there is a positive trend in economic efficiency. The study's estimates suggest that the level of internet usage in a country and the workforce with an advanced level of education significantly influence GDP per capita at the level of the countries in the European Union and the entire European continent. The conclusions of our study are based on theoretical predictions and the relevant results of other studies. The research indicates that ERP systems, as part of digital technologies and other macroeconomic factors, play an important role in stimulating economic efficiency in the European Union member states and those outside the union.
Starting from the remark that in the 20
and early 21
century open pits have experienced an unprecedented expansion, the paper analyzes the current and future concerns related to the open pits of ...useful mineral substances and highlights with concrete data and notable achievements all the activities carried out in an open pit, finally presenting the technical-economic indicators obtained in Romanian open pits.
Improving heat transfer is a critical subject for energy conservation systems which directly affects economic efficiency of these systems. There are active and passive methods which can be employed ...to enhance the rate of heat transfer without reducing the general efficiency of the energy conservation systems. Among these methods, passive techniques are more cost-effective and reliable in comparison with active ones as they have no moving parts. To achieve further improvements in heat transfer performances, some researchers combined passive techniques. This article performs a review of the literature on the area of heat transfer improvement employing a combination of nanofluid and inserts. Inserts are baffles, twisted tape, vortex generators, and wire coil inserts. The progress made and the current challenges for each combined system are discussed, and some conclusions and suggestions are made for future research.
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