Rad se bavi relevantnošću enciklike Laudato si’ pet godina nakon njezina objavljivanja. S obzirom na koronakrizu, koja je pokretač nove ekonomske krize u svijetu, vjerujemo da je enciklika Laudato ...si’ relevantnija u 2020. godini nego 2015. godine. Rad analizira tri socioekonomska segmenta enciklike Laudato si’ kako bi se prikazala njezina važnost danas: čovječanstvo i naš odnos s drugim ljudima, Bogom i okolišem, nova kriza u gospodarstvu i nužnost globalne akcije za razumijevanje i prevladavanje koronakrize. Procesi i opasnosti od prije pet godina nisu nestali, nego su samo promijenili oblik. Dakle enciklika Laudato si’ nije samo relevantna već se njome može koristiti i kao programom socioekonomske obnove za posljedice koronakrize.
Definiranje talenata, upravljanje talentima i razvijenost praksi upravljanja talentima zasigurno su jedna od najznačajnijih tema u stručnoj literaturi i praksi, tema koja je u mnogim poduzećima ...prepoznata kao jezičac na vagi koji dugoročno određuje održavanje konkurentske prednosti poduzeća na globalnom, promjenjivom tržištu. Ovaj rad sastoji se od dva osnovna dijela: u prvom, teorijskom dijelu rada, objašnjeni su pojmovi upravljanje talentima i najbolje prakse upravljanja talentima. U drugom, empirijskom dijelu rada istražuje se razvijenost prakse upravljanja talentima u poduzećima u Hrvatskoj kao i promjene u praksama upravljanja talentima koje su posljedica globalne ekonomske krize. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da su prakse upravljanja talentima u poduzećima u uzorku djelomično razvijene te da je većina poduzeća kao odgovor na ekonomsku krizu poduzela restriktivne mjere upravljanja radnom snagom.
Zadnji dve stoletji Združene države Amerike vzbujajo zanimanje s svojo prisotnostjo in drugačnostjo v svetu. Mnogi slovenski popotniki so jo obiskali in o njej poročali preko knjig, med njimi tudi ...Božidar Jakac s knjigo Odmevi rdeče zemlje, ki jo je po njegovih pismih priredil pesnik in prijatelj Miran Jarc. Delo je izšlo leta 1932. Uvrščamo jo v krog potopisnih knjižnih del, ki so izšla na slovenskem trgu v 20. in 30. letih dvajsetega stoletja, to je tik pred, med in po svetovni gospodarski krizi. Tu naj omenim le dela politika in publicista Antona Kristana V Ameriko in po Ameriki (1928), prevajalca in publicista Antona Brežnika V senci nebotičnikov (1930) in elektrotehnika in šahista Milana Vidmarja Med Evropo in Ameriko (1937). Božidar Jakac jeZdružene države prepotoval od pomladi 1929 do poletja 1931. Kot umetnik jih je doživljal in zavzemal poglede nanje skozi oči umetnika, slikarja, fotografa in filmskega snemalca. Ne nazadnje tudi kot zapisovalca, kjer je na emotivnost doživljanja in pisnega izpovedovanja vplival tudi Miran Jarc. Vendar so trditve o Ameriki, njenih ljudeh, naravi, umetnosti, priseljencih, družbenem in političnemu redu in še kaj le Jakčevi. Gre za subjektive poglede, marsikdaj stereotipne, sprejemajoče in mnogokrat skoraj v isti sapi odklanjajoče novosti, drugačnosti, tempo življenja, tamkajšnjo civilizacijo, dosežke ipd. Zato nas ne čudi, da je nanje reagiral Louis Adamič, v polemiko pa posegel Josip Vidmar (v reviji Sodobnost 1933). Najbolj prepričljiv je Jakac s svojim ameriškim slikarskim opusom, čeprav je doma doživel tudi bolj ali manj neprijazne/odklanjajoče kritike (Karel Dobida, Rajko Ložar, France Stelè, Fran Šijanec itd.) Vendar je njegova ljubljanska razstava v Jakopičevem salonu (1931) odmevala med obiskovalci in prodal je polovico razstavljenih pastelov, risb, portretov, grafik... Jakčeva razmišljanja v knjigi so raznovrstna. V razpravi so izpostavljena naslednja področja: stik z Novim svetom, Združene države in Američani, primerjava človeka s strojem in ameriško slikarstvo, film in narava. Navdušila sta ga je zlasti narava in Hollywood. Z veliko mero čustvenosti in razočaranosti razmišlja o Slovencih v ZDA, ki bodo izginili v ameriškem talilnem loncu, kar avtor omenja le bežno, saj je to tematiko predstavil v Melikovem zborniku 2001. Ob vsaki priložnosti rad Jakac izpostavi rodno domovino v primerjavi z ameriškim svetom. V knjigo objaljai tudi 192 pastelov, risb, skic ipd. Skratka, Jakac je nihal med navdušenjem in malodušjem ter skepso glede Amerike, njihovega načina življenja in njene bodočnosti. Črno-belo gledanje je prisotno, mnogokrat pride v protislovje s samim seboj, ker nekaj, kar obsoja ob prihodu hvali ob odhodu, npr. New York. Nebotočniki kot simbol ameriške mogočnosti so mu hkrati nekaj čudovitega (na ohranjenih Jakčevih filmih jih velikokrat vidimo) in obenem obremenjujočega, kot da hočejo streti množico pešcev pod sabo. Razprava temelji na knjigi in odzivnosti nanjo v časopisju, delno v primerljivosti z sočasnimi omenjenimi knjižnimi deli in tam objavljenimi pogledi. Vpogleda v osebno Jakčevo arhivsko gradivo za ta čas, zlasti v njegova pisma, ki so bila podlaga za knjigo, mi dediči, žal, niso dovolili. Neobdelano je tudi gradivo o njegovem prvem obisku ZDA (drugo je bilo v letu 1958/59), saj je bil prisoten v mnogih intelektualnih krogih, veliko je portretiral Američane iz javnega življenja, imel stike z vidnimi slovenskimi izseljenskimi organizacijami in posamezniki, sodeloval na razstavah ipd. Čeprav naj bi Jakčev slikarski opus ameriškega obdobja pomenil korak nazaj, pa knjiga pomeni velik korak naprej v potopisni literaturi, saj je v primerjavi z ostalimi potopisci o Ameriki le-to doživljal zelo osebno, čeprav po mnenju mnogih pomanjkljivo – kdo pa jo je sploh v popolnost in ali je to sploh mogoče?Ohranjene slike, fotografije in filmi (zadnji so edino v celoti dostopni javnosti, saj jih hrani Arhiv Republike Slovenije) pa nam primerjalno omogočajo razumevanje njegovega doživljanja, ne glede na to, ali sprejemamo ali odklanjamo njegove poglede.
Gospodarska kriza izazvana korona virusom Covid-19 jedinstvena je u dosadašnjoj ekonomskoj povijesti po načinu i brzini nastanka, globalnom obuhvatu i posljedicama. U tekstu se objašnjavaju mehanizmi ...utjecaja zdravstvenog šok na gospodarstvo te makroekonomski okvir ublažavanja i izlaska iz krize. Za analizu se koristi makroekonomski AS-AD model s inflacijom na vertikalnoj osi. Empirijske činjenice prikazuju slučaj Republike Hrvatske.
Članak se koristi teorijom promjene paradigme da bi istražio različite pristupe zadnjoj ekonomskoj krizi. Dolazi se do dvaju zaključaka, konceptualnog i supstancijalnog. Pokazuje se da je teško ...primijeniti teoriju promjene paradigme u analizi događaja gdje su promjene politika spore, te kada je sud o tome je li do promjene došlo ili nije moguć tek retrospektivno. No teorija promjene paradigme može nam pomoći da objasnimo odgovore na krizu u kojima se javljaju poteškoće u primjeni prevladavajućih ekonomskih ideja, ali i otpor njihovoj promjeni.
The doctoral thesis: „The impact of the European Central Bank monetary policy on the convergence process“, analyzes relevant theoretical and practical issues related to the European Central Bank ...monetary policy. The thesis has several objectives. Serbia and other countries from Central and Eastern Europe are facing a multitude of problems. Major causes of these problems are the flaws in economic policy, especially monetary and fiscal policy. Therefore, these countries often see the adoption of monetary policy from strong and stable countries as a way out. Many European countries look to the European Central Bank as the candidate, i.e. they look to adopt the monetary policy from the European Monetary Union. This objective was clearly articulated by every country whose main strategic goal was to join the European Union, as well as European monetary union later on. It is, however, debatable whether this solution would yield long-term benefits for the countries in transition. Recent events have shown that single monetary policy hasn’t been capable of properly addressing the problems of member states. The question is if the policy can be more flexible and accommodate for regional differences in development of the existing European 27-nation bloc, which is slated to be enlarged even further. The primary objective of the thesis is to establish whether the convergence of economic performances of member states took place in the EMU and what was the impact of single monetary policy on that process. At the time of the establishment of EMU, the prevailing opinion was that the environment of a monetary union, the single currency, intense intratrade and interlacing financial flows will lead to the convergence of economic cycles of member states, as well as their economic performances, i.e. that the member states will move towards the optimal currency area. Another objective of the thesis is to test the performance of ECB monetary policy and its effectiveness in achieving its main objective, conduct a critical analysis of the objective itself, evaluate its formulation, as well as to conduct a critical analysis of strategies used by the ECB. In addition, the paper analyzes and compares selected countries from Central and Southeast Europe with the EMU average. The baseline criteria for the selected countries were identical or similar. These are all countries in transition and former transition countries that underwent the process of substantial transformation and serious reforms during the last decade. Slovenia and Slovakia have made the biggest progress and have become a part of European Monetary Union. Therefore it’d be useful to know the extent to which they really integrated into the EMU and how similar is their performance to other EMU members. Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary joined EU in 2004 and have yet to meet the Maastricht criteria. Rumania and Bulgaria joined EU in 2007 and have the highest number of macroeconomic problems and are the farthest away from meeting the convergence criteria. Croatia is in the process of EU accession and is expected to join in July 2013. Candidate countries - Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro (as well as Turkey and Iceland) are seeking to join the EU. Serbia is at the very beginning of the path to EMU and just started with macroeconomic reforms and should be able to draw conclusions about the requirements and reforms that have to be carried out, from experiences of aforementioned countries – how far along in the convergence process are they, which problems have they encountered, the extent to which their economies are ready for the single monetary policy. Another objective of this paper, based on the analysis of monetary policy strategies and exchange rate regimes in the neighbouring countries that made significant progress towards EMU, is to make a recommendation for NBS monetary policy that will lead towards EMU convergence – specifically, which monetary policy strategy and which exchange rate regime had a better effect on macroeconomic results. Serbia is a country burdened by many macroeconomic imbalances. There is a multitude of issues in the monetary sphere as well – high degree of Euroisation, particularly high and fluctuating inflation, high inflationary expectations, high depreciation and a particularly fluctuating dinar exchange rate. Consequently, it is debatable if the current strategy of inflation targeting in Serbia is the best solution or if it would be better to use formal NBS focusing on the exchange rate. Various statistical and econometric methods were used in this paper, due to the complexity of the subject. The dispersion index – standard deviation and coefficient of variation was used as a starting point in the convergence analysis. This analysis is confirmed by sigmaconvergence tests, based on regression of standard deviation. The results achieved in terms of price stability have been established with descriptive inflation statistics, analysis of autoregressive inflation model, as well as autoregressive inflation rate coefficient. Granger causality test for various lagged values was applied in order to analyze joint dynamics of inflation rates, changes in M3 monetary aggregate and ECB reference rate. Correlation coefficients and cross correlation coefficients were used to measure the correlation between relevant variables. Based on the regression analysis of inflation in Serbia, we examined the effects of dynamics of monetary aggregates and foreign exchange rates on inflation rates; also, regression analysis on the effects of the reference rate change on inflation has been carried out. In addition, the paper analyses the effects of high Euroisation in Serbia on monetary policy effectiveness. The regression analysis was used here, with the six month EURIBOR and the NBS two-week repo rate as the independent variables, and the corporate loans and personal loans, as well as demand deposits and time deposits as the dependent variables. European Monetary Union is characterized by a number of systemic weaknesses, one of which is the insistence on neoliberal principles, no matter the cost and even in matters related to the ECB. Price stability is its main objective, while growth and employment are supplementary objectives. Although the average inflation in the Euro zone is low, inflation differentials are still present. This is one of the main reasons for increasing divergence in performances of member states and for the evident polarization process in the Monetary Union. There is no single fiscal policy to counter the single monetary policy. Fiscal policy remains at the national level and provides the Governments with the ability to respond to various economic shocks. Southern member states relied on expansive fiscal policy, while the growth model was based on high demand, financed with the cheap capital of the more successful „Northern“ member states. This resulted in large balance of payments deficits, budget deficits and increasing difficulty in loan servicing. The crisis has revealed major weaknesses in the functioning of EMU. It wasn’t an optimal currency area to begin with, nor has it moved towards it, although it is considered to be a prerequisite for successful implementation of single monetary policy. The existing difference in labour costs and productivity of factors of production has increased the gap in competitiveness and deepened the division between „the poor South and the rich North“. The financial markets also failed to do their job by relying on the full convergence scenario – because the approximation of interest rates on sovereign debts of member states occurred, despite large macroeconomic differences. The crisis caused a large scale intervention by the ECB, who deviated from basic principles of its monetary policy and acted as a lender of last resort for banks and other financial institutions, without which the transmission process of monetary policy would’ve been interrupted, as well as on the public debt markets, because otherwise the markets would’ve remained closed for some countries. Even though in practice, the strategy of inflation targeting failed to achieve satisfactory results, it remains the best option for Serbia. Although transition to exchange rate targeting is often advocated, it could have serious consequences for countries with high demand and outflow of foreign currency. On the other hand, due to the specific role of the Euro in Serbia, it wouldn’t be advisable to allow its free fluctuation. NBS should prevent excessive exchange rate fluctuations, without dictating its movement, and always in a transparent and predictable manner. A major challenge for the NBS in the future will be to decrease the level of Euroisation of the economy. This will impact the efficiency of the reference rate as the main instrument of monetary policy. Although its effect on inflation is statistically significant, its effect on lending and deposit bank activities is not. If Serbia wants to join the EMU, given its numerous macroeconomic imbalances, it will have to undertake many structural reforms in order to find the path to convergence. That means having a healthy, responsible and coordinated fiscal and monetary policies, as well as serious investments in the real sector. In the long run, only a strong real sector of an economy can provide the exchange rate stability, low and stable inflation, and confidence in the local currency.
Doktorska disertacija: „Monetarna politika Evropske centralne banke i njene posledice na proces konvergencije“, za predmet istraživanja postavlja relevantna teorijska i praktična pitanja vezana za monetarnu politiku koju sprovodi Evropska centralna banka. Rad ima više ciljeva. Srbija, kao i druge zemlje Centralne i Istočne Evrope suočene su sa brojnim problemima. Važan uzrok tih problema jesu nedostaci ekonomske politike, pre svega monetarne i fiskalne. Zbog toga se često u ovim zemljama nameće ideja usvajanja monetarne politik
Cilj ovoga rada je utvrditi osnovna obilježja zadovoljstva poslom u 2008. godini na španjolskom tržištu rada koje su obilježile duboka recesija i nestabilnost. Razlikujemo osobne i poslovno ...uvjetovane čimbenike kako bismo utvrdili koji bolje pojašnjavaju zadovoljstvo poslom. U tu svrhu koristili smo podatke iz istraživanja Quality of Labor Life (Kvaliteta radnog života) za 2007., 2008., 2009. i 2010. godinu koje je provelo Ministarstvo rada i socijalne sigurnosti u Španjolskoj. Pokazujemo da varijable povezane s poslom bolje objašnjavaju zadovoljstvo poslom putem linearnih modela (ANOVA). Isto tako eliminiramo interakcije između 14 varijabli povezanih s poslom kroz abnalizu glavnih komponenata. Na temelju dobivenih čimbenika predlažemo stupnjevanu višestruku (multiplu) regresijsku analizu koja objašnjava kako varijable povezane s poslom utječu na zadovoljstvo poslom. Čimbenik 1 povezan s aktivnošću, osobnim razvojem i motivacijom je onaj koji bolje objašnjava zadovoljstvo poslom svake godine. Zaključili smo da osobna motivacija najviše utječe na zadovoljstvo poslom; plaće najmanje utječu na zadovoljstvo poslom tijekom ekonomskih kriza i ekonomskog rasta. Isto tako zaključili smo da je tijekom ekonomske krize zadovoljstvo poslom veće, dok stabilnost i plaće nisu, jer su tada poslovi manje sigurni, a plaće su manje.
Autorica analizira odgovor Europske unije na još uvijek aktualnu ekonomsku
krizu, usredotočujući se na problem zakonodavne i institucionalne fragmentacije.
Tvrdi da autoritarno upravljanje krizom – ...poticano rječnikom „stanja nužde“
– podriva demokratsku odgovornost svojim oslanjanjem na izvršnu diskreciju
i intergovernmentalizam. Kroz analizu jurisprudencije Suda Europske unije i
uz pogled izbliza na točno funkcioniranje i implikacije ultra vires djelovanja
Europske središnje banke, pokazuje kako je Lisabonski ugovor žrtvovan u ime
nužde stvaranja Ersatz prava Unije, koje bolje odgovara neposrednim potrebama
reformiranja Ekonomske i monetarne unije. Drži da su intergovernmentalni
instrumenti ne samo “protuustavno” rekvirirali sudjelovanje institucija EU, već i da
su naštetili legitimitetu Unije uspostavivši političku upravu netaknutu zahtjevima
demokratske odgovornosti. Posljedično podčinjavanje političkog i socijalnog ustava
onom ekonomskom dovodi do abdikacije prava i podrivanja integriteta pravnog
poretka Unije.
Tramvajski promet u Puli, započevši svoje trodesetljetno prometovanje 1904., percipiran je kao segment modernizacije Pule koja je tada doživljavala svoju populacijsku, urbanističku i infrastrukturnu ...ekspanziju. S druge pak strane, političke i ekonomske krize u gradu utjecale su na funkcioniranje tramvajskoga prometa, odnosno na njegove zaposlenike kao njegovu socijalnu komponentu. Problemi pulskih tramvajaca započeli su već prve godine njegova prometovanja kroz sitna nezadovoljstva, a kulminirali su štrajkovima između 1910. i 1912., koji su se nastavili i nakon Prvoga svjetskog rata. Uzroci njihovih nezadovoljstava koja su se očitovala kroz štrajkove bili su velik broj slabo plaćenih radnika, koji su radili u nepovoljnim uvjetima, uz česte otkaze kao rezultate nepovoljnih ugovora te nedovoljne brige lokalnih vlasti. Nerijetko su njihovi prosvjedi bili rabljeni u tada aktualne političke svrhe, pri čemu su socijalni problemi poprimali nacionalnu razinu, šireći međunacionalne antagonizme. Neriješeni egzistencijalni statusi nerijetko su dovodili i do sukoba među tramvajcima, kao i do raspada njihovih obitelji, a sami štrajkovi i pobune djelomično su utjecali na političke i ekonomske prilike, posebice na svakodnevicu koju su osjećali stanovnici kroz neredovitost prometovanja, neprofesionalnost osoblja zbog učestalosti otkaza i novozapošljavanih slabo priučenih tramvajaca te time uzrokovane česte prometne nesreće.
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