One of the most critical infrastructures in the world is electrical power grids (EPGs). New threats affecting EPGs, and their different consequences, are analyzed in this survey along with different ...approaches that can be taken to prevent or minimize those consequences, thus improving EPG resilience. The necessity for electrical power systems to become resilient to such events is becoming compelling; indeed, it is important to understand the origins and consequences of faults. This survey provides an analysis of different types of faults and their respective causes, showing which ones are more reported in the literature. As a result of the analysis performed, it was possible to identify four clusters concerning mitigation approaches, as well as to correlate them with the four different states of the electrical power system resilience curve.
Results of Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing tests against phasor measurement units (PMUs) are presented, which demonstrate that PMUs are vulnerable to spoofing attacks. A GPS spoofer can ...manipulate PMU time stamps by injecting a counterfeit ensemble of GPS signals into the antenna of the PMU's time reference receiver. A spoofer-induced timing error of only a few tens of microseconds causes a PMU to violate the maximum phase error allowed by the applicable standard. These and other larger errors can give automated or human power grid controllers a false perception of the state of the grid, leading to unnecessary, and possibly destabilizing, remedial control actions. To emphasize this threat, this paper shows that a particular PMU-based automatic control scheme currently implemented in Mexico whose control architecture and setpoints have been published in the open literature could be induced by a GPS spoofing attack to trip a primary generator.
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•The electric bus energy consumption is calculated by using spatial–temporal model.•The varying energy losses among the grid and electric bus charging are considered.•The proposed ...framework can be straightforwardly applied on various bus networks.•The validation of this study is based on Bus-Rapid Kuala Lumpur data.•A tracking system is used to obtain the speed measurement of the driving mode.
This work proposes a generic framework to estimate the energy consumption and investigate the penetration impact of a distributed network of battery electric buses (BEBs). The core of this work builds on a novel framework to determine the energy demand of BEBs and their potential as a replacement for diesel-powered buses in transportation networks. This paper uses data mapping technology from the Geographical Information System to cover the potential analysis of BEB penetration for large-scale bus networks. State-of-the-art methods have previously estimated the energy consumption of a BEB by using simulator models for each driving cycle, but these studies have not considered the actual elevation data of a local bus route. In fact, the elevation of the bus route is considered the main factor that varies the energy consumption of BEBs. This study developed a longitudinal dynamic model with a spatial version of a digital elevation model to determine the energy demand of a large-scale BEB network. Additionally, this work assessed two charging protocols—opportunity charging and overnight charging—according to the operating environments of electric buses. The application of the framework is validated in a case study to electrify the entire Rapid Kuala Lumpur bus (Bus-Rapid KL) network in Malaysia. The proposed model used real-world data, which are typically available only to bus transit administration operators. In this paper, the data for bus route lines, bus station locations, and the number of passengers riding the Bus-Rapid KL were considered to formulate the forecasting longitudinal and temporal model by using passenger information system data. The results showed a penetration impact of the BEB charging demand during daytime and nighttime in an urban area in Kuala Lumpur. The proposed forecasting paradigm may permit power network operators to predict the optimal electric bus charging demand based on actual BEB consumption through the bus paths.
Purpose The study aims to identify the possible risk factors for electricity grids operational disruptions and to determine the most critical and influential risk indicators. ...Design/methodology/approach A multi-criteria decision-making best-worst method (BWM) is employed to quantitatively identify the most critical risk factors. The grey causal modeling (GCM) technique is employed to identify the causal and consequence factors and to effectively quantify them. The data used in this study consisted of two types – quantitative periodical data of critical factors taken from their respective government departments (e.g. Indian Meteorological Department, The Central Water Commission etc.) and the expert responses collected from professionals working in the Indian electric power sector. Findings The results of analysis for a case application in the Indian context shows that temperature dominates as the critical risk factor for electrical power grids, followed by humidity and crop production. Research limitations/implications The study helps to understand the contribution of factors in electricity grids operational disruptions. Considering the cause consequences from the GCM causal analysis, rainfall, temperature and dam water levels are identified as the causal factors, while the crop production, stock prices, commodity prices are classified as the consequence factors. In practice, these causal factors can be controlled to reduce the overall effects. Practical implications From the results of the analysis, managers can use these outputs and compare the risk factors in electrical power grids for prioritization and subsequent considerations. It can assist the managers in efficient allocation of funds and manpower for building safeguards and creating risk management protocols based on the severity of the critical factor. Originality/value The research comprehensively analyses the risk factors of electrical power grids in India. Moreover, the study apprehends the cause-consequence pair of factors, which are having the maximum effect. Previous studies have been focused on identification of risk factors and preliminary analysis of their criticality using autoregression. This research paper takes it forward by using decision-making methods and causal analysis of the risk factors with blend of quantitative and expert response based data analysis to focus on the determination of the criticality of the risk factors for the Indian electric power grid.
Malware that attack the electrical power grid consist of exploits and operations modules. The exploits are similar to those of traditional malware. These malware hack into an industrial computer and ...subsequently deploy operational modules. Some operational modules penetrate the operating system of the compromised industrial computer to take over computing functions and hence facilitate further attacks. Examples include interception of cryptographic keys, and generation of deceptive status data that indicate normal operation of a power transformer, while in reality the transformer is in distress due to the attacks. Other operational modules are designed to recognize and disrupt the physics of the physical equipment. We refer to these operations modules as physics-centric modules. The subject of this research is how physics-centric modules of malware can cause physical damage to power grid equipment. This research simulates a power transformer and a set of its protection algorithms. We make several contributions in this research, namely: i) we emulate in Python the protection algorithms that run on an industrial computer and monitor and protect a power transformer from a variety of faults; ii) we leverage these emulations to analyze the cyberattack surface of a power transformer; iii) with these insights at hand, we devise attack modus operandi that malware could use against a power transformer; and iv) we emulate these cyberattacks in Python to empirically observe and quantify their destructive effects on a power transformer. Our overall research findings in this paper serve the purpose of informing better defense against the physics-centric modules of malware that attack the electrical power grid.
•A data driven approach is introduced for designing A-CAES systems.•High fidelity data of Ontario power system is analyzed to identify grid profiles.•A-CAES performance requirements are simulated for ...multiple operating scenarios.•The system sizing is found to be highly sensitive to desired coverage rates.•Designing an A-CAES for maximum capacity can result in severe under-utilization.
As the next generation of compressed air energy storage systems are being developed and the technology is gaining momentum, designing the right system is essential for its successful adaptation in the electricity market. This research studies the impact of performance requirements on the design and operation of any potential adiabatic compressed air energy storage system, using one full year worth of real operating data of the Ontario grid for analysis. The objective is to introduce a new approach to designing compressed air energy storage systems based on specific grid requirements. The adiabatic compressed air energy storage system thermo-mechanical requirements under real operating conditions are identified using a model-based approach. It is shown that using an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system with one-tenth of the size commonly assumed in the literature, will satisfy the Ontario grid requirements. Such a system will require charge and discharge durations of less than two hours. In addition to understanding sizing and performance requirements, this analytical approach provides a valuable insight into long-term trends required for optimum operational planning and scheduling.
Electrical power grid is undergoing a major renovation, to meet the power quality and power availability demands of the 21st century. The new power grid, which is also called as the smart grid, aims ...to integrate the recent technological advancements in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) field to the power engineering field. The present smart grid implementations focus on smart meter based utility-to-meter and utility-to-customer communications. Although these features provide significant improvements on the customer management side, in the following decades, grid management will be one of the major ICT-dominant fields. Recently, adoption of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for the power grid is gaining wide attention from the industry and the academia. Scalar sensor measurements bring valuable insights, however they can provide limited set of information. In the next generation power grid, limited-sensing, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) based, centrally controlled operational architecture will be replaced with wireless connected, low-cost, multimedia sensors combined with distributed decision-making and acting systems, working in coordination with a supervisory software tool. In this paper, we discuss the potential applications and the challenges of employing wireless multimedia sensor and actor network (WMSAN) for the smart grid.
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•A novel method to select the optimal locations of multiple superconducting-FCLs.•A distinctive kink allows unambiguous determination of maximum SFCL resistance.•Reliability analysis ...for the exp-resistance and temperature-dependent E-J power law models.•Maximum three SFCLs are need for the overall protection of simplified topologies.
This paper presents a novel method to determine the optimal strategy for the allocation of multiple resistive superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) aiming to improve the overall protection of standard power grids. The presented approach allows for the straightforward determination of the optimal resistance of the SFCL, accounting for short circuit events occurring at different locations, by modelling the electro-thermal properties of the SFCL via a temperature dependent E-J power law. This material law, based on previous experimental evidence, allows for the introduction of flux pinning, flux creep, and flux flow properties of the superconducting material within a minimum level of complexity. Thereby, we have observed a distinctive kink pattern in the current limiting profiles of the SFCLs, from which no further reduction of the first peak of the fault current is achieved when a greater resistance is considered, allowing a univocal determination of the optimum SFCL resistance. This peculiarity is not observed when the model for the quench properties of the SFCL is simplified towards an exponential resistance, although the last can be used as an auxiliary process for addressing the first guess on the resistance value required for a specific strategy, as it demands less computing time. We have also determined that for many of the cases studied, i.e., for the combinations between one or more SFCLs installed at different locations, and those subjected to fault events located at different points in the network, the recovery time of the superconducting properties of at least one of the SFCLs can last for more than 5min, constraining the feasibility of a large-scale deployment of this technology. However, by assuming that the practical operation of the SFCL is assisted by the automatic operation of a bypass switch when the SC material is fully quenched, we have determined that the optimal strategy for the overall protection of power grids of standard topology requires a maximum of three SFCLs, with recovery times of less than a few seconds. This information is of remarkable value for power system operators, as it can establish a maximum investment threshold which ultimately can facilitate making decisions regarding the deployment of SFCL technologies.
Concern has been raised that the electrical grid of this nation is vulnerable to prolonged collapse. The postulated mechanisms are geomagnetic storms, electromagnetic pulse attacks (EMP) via a high ...altitude nuclear detonation, cyberattacks, and kinetic attacks. The likelihood of such events and the consequences to the American public of a protracted electric power failure are reviewed.
Integration of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) with electrical power grid (EPG) can improve the power quality (PQ) of EPG by injecting the required power. However, this makes the PQ issue ...more complicated due to the negative impact of voltage sag on EPG. Unfortunately, the classical P-I controllers fail in eliminating the voltage sag. In this context, this paper, attempts to mitigate the voltage sag in an interconnected PEMFC-EPG system by utilizing advanced equilibrium optimizer (AEO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) controllers, and their efficiency is demonstrated by comparison with conventional P-I controllers. To achieve this goal, the AEO-PEMFC and PSO-PEMFC are employed in the EPG line with different fault scenarios. The obtained results unveil that both AEO-PEMFC and PSO-PEMFC provide the needed boost of voltage in the single line-to-ground faults (SLGF) scenario by 100.00%. For double line-to-ground faults (DLGF) scenario, a voltage boost of 99.56% and 98.39% is achieved while a voltage boost of 98.50% and 97.45% for the three line-to-ground faults (TLGF) scenario is obtained by the AEO-PEMFC and PSO-PEMFC, respectively.
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