The present paper assesses the prospective role of lithium in the long-run development of electromobility. Based on the existing data, the study shows that the geographical concentration of global ...lithium riches and rather an oligopolistic market structure of the worldwide primary supply makes the global lithium supply vulnerable to unexpected shocks. Furthermore, the work finds that the current transition to lithium-based electromobility does not exhibit traits of strong or long-term sustainability. This is attributed to the limits of lithium endowments, the negligible recycling capabilities of lithium-ion batteries, and environmental degradation induced by the transition to lithium-ion battery-based electromobility. We conclude that lithium-ion battery-based electromobility is a meaningful bridging technology until the time when lithium-ion batteries could be reliably replaced by the strong sustainability paradigm of road mobility, epitomized by the green hydrogen fuel cells-based electromobility.
•The current transition to LIB-based electro-mobility does not align with strong/long-term sustainability.•Production of lithium through mining operations and brines implies substantial CO2 emissions and water usage.•Landfilling of the end-of-life leads to severe environmental and health hazards.•The geographical concentration of lithium and cobalt reserves makes global supply chains vulnerable to unexpected shocks.•Lithium-ion-based electro-mobility is a meaningful bridging technology until LIBs can be replaced by green hydrogen.
In order to combat environmental problems, electromobility is developing worldwide. The purpose of this study is to assess consumer attitudes for electromobility. Likewise, perceived consumer ...effectiveness (PCE) is proposed as a moderator. The analysis was carried out approaching a partial least squares technique within a model of structural equations with a sample of 404 users. Results show that the main motivators driving the purchase of an electric or hybrid vehicle are trust and extrinsic incentives, with green self-identity (GSI) influencing significantly but with less intensity. In addition, the level of knowledge is rather low and has a negative impact. In the proposed behavior model, PCE has a significant impact on intention. The impact of GSI on attitude is especially significant among consumers with a high level of PCE. Likewise, the effect of attitude on intention to adopt is also more pronounced among consumers with a high level of PCE. These findings might help revamp marketing strategies aiming to improve consumer attitudes and product adoption while boosting product sales.
The issues of the article are associated with the development of the renewable energy source (RES) sector in the world and in Poland. The subject is undoubtedly connected with the problem of the ...energy transformation taking place in most countries nowadays. Energy transformation processes are mainly associated with an increase in the share of energy production from RES and increased awareness of energy use by end consumers. This means that the systematic development of the RES sector is a necessary condition for linking the effective course of energy transition processes with simultaneous socio-economic development.
The main objective of this study is to present the status of the RES sector in Poland against the background of worldwide development tendencies. The implementation of the objective made it possible to indicate key trends in the production and use of energy from individual RES and to assess to what extent Poland follows global trends. Poland is one of the European countries where hard coal and lignite constitute the main source of energy. On the other hand Poland, as a Member State of the EU, is obliged to implement the energy strategy within the framework of the European Green Deal, where all Member States are to become climate neutral.
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•Global tendencies in the development of the renewable energy sector.•Global renewable energy sector vs. Polish renewable energy sector.•Electromobility in the world and in Poland.•Global percentage share of renewable energy in electricity production was presented.
E-mobility plays a key role especially in contexts where the transportation activities impact a lot on the total costs. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming an effective alternative to the ...internal combustion engines guaranteeing cheaper and eco-sustainable transport solutions. However, the poor battery autonomy is still an Achille's hell since the EVs require many stops for being recharged. We aim to optimally route the EVs for handling a set of customers in time considering the recharging needs during the trips. A Mixed Integer Linear Programming formulation of the problem is proposed assuming that the battery recharging level reached at each station is a decision variable in order to guarantee more flexible routes. The model aims to minimize the total travel, waiting and recharging time plus the number of the employed EVs. Finally, a Variable Neighborhood Search Branching (VNSB) is also designed for solving the problem at hand in reasonable computational times. Numerical results on benchmark instances show the performances of both the mathematical formulation and the VNSB compared to the ones of the model in which the battery level reached at each station is always equal to the maximum capacity.
The introduction of shared mobility services in transportation systems has created the potential to address traffic congestion and environmental issues, which derive from passengers’ transport. Thus, ...shared mobility services, including electric car-sharing, can significantly assist the formation of sustainable cities. Although car-sharing systems have already been established to several cities worldwide, Greece lags in adopting these systems. The sense of ownership for the citizens is strong and there is a great tendency of using private cars. It is observed that this tendency is even higher for the citizens of touristic islands. For understanding whether electric car-sharing could attract a part of the citizens, a questionnaire survey was conducted in the island of Rhodes, Greece. A stated preference experiment is included in the questionnaire, where the citizens were asked to select among a shared electric car and their private car, in scenarios where the trip duration and cost are fluctuated. Descriptive statistical analysis and a discrete choice model were implemented for analyzing the gathered responses. Through the discrete choice model, the parameters that affect the intention of the citizens to use a shared electric car are being identified and the value of time of the citizens is being also computed. Based on the results, useful policy and market-oriented recommendations derive.
To counteract climate change, various states have adopted innovative laws and solutions. Electromobility as a climate policy is one of the solutions that can contribute to reducing carbon emissions. ...Furthermore, international organisations such as the European Union (EU) have encouraged member states to develop an electric mobility ecosystem. Moreover, as one of the EU partner organisations, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has encouraged member states to adopt similar laws and policies in electromobility innovations. This study examined the EU and ASEAN legal innovations that developed electromobility ecosystems in the context of energy justice comparisons. This paper argues that adopting the principle of energy justice in EU and ASEAN law is highly dependent on the function and role of international organisations in lawmaking. As a climate policy innovation, electromobility is closely related to energy justice for the public. Therefore, analysing the functions and roles of international organisations such as the EU and ASEAN is crucial. The study examined the legal framework adopted by the EU and ASEAN to create an electromobility ecosystem. The purpose of the study was to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the role and function of lawmaking in international organisations supporting climate policy and contributing to the achievement of energy justice.
The rise in global temperature indicates the impact of climate change, encouraging more countries to adapt and seek practical solutions. Several countries, including Indonesia, have begun to regulate ...electric vehicles because of the commitment to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It simultaneously provides opportunities for developing electric vehicles to prevent more use of fossil fuels. This study aimed to discuss and explore Indonesia's trajectory to develop a legal framework for electromobility that started to be drafted in 2019. This framework has resulted in legal fissures because of the lack of regulations to promote electric vehicles against the environmental aspects, whereas it tends to focus on industrial development. Finally, this study discussed regulatory issues and predicted the future of Indonesia's electromobility legal development through the lens of sustainability. This study used normative legal research whose analysis inventoried and identified several laws and regulations on electromobility in Indonesia with particular criteria. This study showed that Indonesia's legal development of electromobility is being accomplished by autonomous and inconsistent delegated regulations with technical and non-technology aspects. Adopting a legal instrument through Presidential Regulation is insufficient to build an electromobility ecosystem that involves many sectors. In contrast, an imbalance in the regulatory framework, the three pillars of sustainability, and the economic dimension outweigh the social and environmental factors. Insofar, the regulations adopted prioritize the economic aspect, and the framework has impacted other industries, including mining and international trade, due to the need for nickel and manganese as raw materials for electric vehicle batteries.
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is increasingly recognized as a concept that uses battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as flexible storage options, enabling both charging and discharging of vehicle batteries. ...Applications of V2G aim towards technical and economic benefits from the system and end-user perspectives. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) on BEVs indicate that charging strategies potentially reduce operational emissions. Besides evaluating environmental effects on the ‘technology level’, the literature recommends considering impacts on the ‘system level’ caused by a diffusion of the investigated technology. Since the future electricity mix per hour of (dis)charging is decisive for the impact of BEVs, systemic effects include repercussions of charging strategies on hourly electricity generation. When analyzing future scenarios, a prospective LCA (pLCA) allows us to consider technological developments. To assess the impact of charging strategies, the literature lacks a consistent framework that applies a pLCA approach and considers repercussions on the hourly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of electricity. The contribution of this article is the consolidation of the system and technology point of view when assessing V2G services. First, we present a framework that combines energy system modeling and a comparative pLCA to assess medium and long-term effects. To prove its suitability, the framework is exemplarily applied to evaluate two cost-minimized climate policy scenarios of Germany, i.e., with and without the option of V2G charging. The article outlines repercussions on the electricity system from 2025 to 2045 in an hourly resolution. This allows determining the impact per charging strategy on the technology level compared to conventional passenger cars in the second part of the study. Despite the insignificant effects on total GHG emissions by 2045, V2G charging accelerates decarbonizing electricity generation in the medium-term (2030–2035). When assessing the impact on BEVs, V2G causes substantial reductions. By 2030, operational emissions decrease between −50% and almost −200% compared to uncontrolled charging (144 kgCO2e/BEV). These potentials depend on the allocation of GHG savings reached through the secondary purpose of BEVs, i.e., a storage option for the energy system. With the ongoing decarbonization of electricity, however, the potential of V2G to reduce operational GHG emissions decreases, and the production phase gains importance. Regarding long-term contributions, substituting 117 GWh of stationary batteries indicates a reduction in raw material demands. Overall, combining the system and technology levels in a prospective assessment enhances the understanding of environmental effects caused by a large-scale diffusion of V2G charging. Researchers can further apply the outlined method for assessing use cases in other geographical scopes and time frames.
•Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) accelerates the integration of fluctuating renewable energies•In the medium-term, V2G reduces systemic emissions and electric vehicle impacts•From 2040 onwards, the effects on emissions decrease from both perspectives•BEV batteries as systemic storage options substitute 117 GWh of stationary batteries
Lithium ion batteries are a proven technology for automotive applications and their continued use in the future electric vehicle fleet is undeniable. In addition to battery performance and ...durability, battery safety is paramount to ensure confidence and widespread adoption of electromobility in our society.
This comprehensive review aims at presenting the various international standards and regulations for safety testing of lithium ion batteries in automotive applications under various abusive environments. Safety tests are presented and analysed including mechanical, electrical, environmental and hazards of chemical nature. The intention of this review is compiling the most relevant standards and regulations to identify shortcomings and areas for future improvement.
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