The article presents the methodology of isolating aperiodic phenomena constituting the basis of the energy balance of vehicles for the analysis of electromobility system indicators. The symptom ...observation matrix (SOM) and experimental input data are used to analyze periodic phenomena symptoms. The multidimensional nature of the engine efficiency shortage has been well defined and analyzed in terms of errors in the general model using neural networks, singular value decomposition, and principal component analysis. A more difficult task is the analysis of a multidimensional decision-making process. The research used a data fusion method and the concept of symptom reliability, which is applied to the generalized failure symptom obtained by applying the singular value decomposition (SVD). The model research has been based on the gray system theory (GST) and GM forecasting models (1,1). Input data were obtained from the assessment of driving cycles and analysis of the failure frequency for 1200 vehicles and mileage of 150,000 km. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that with the current infrastructure and operating costs and the frequency of failure of PHEV and BEV drives, ICEV vehicles are unrivaled in terms of their operating costs.
Battery electric buses(BEBs)are gaininggroundin public transport, andthe next decade is likely to witnessa further increase in the numbers of these vehicles.The core problem of the BEB deployment ...process in public transport lies in howto deal with the technical limitationsof this technology(primarily, a limited range of a bus). This paper outlines the model of vehicle cycle hierarchizationdedicatedtomunicipal transport planners and transit companies. The model isbased on a multicriteria decision-making methodologythatresults in a hierarchy of vehicle cycles, ordered from the most to the least suitable to be operated by electric buses.The proof-of-principle demonstration of the model has been carried out inthe Polish medium-sized city of Jaworzno.
Automotive battery packs used for electromobility applications consist of a large number of individual battery cells that are interconnected. Interconnection of the battery cells creates an ...electrical and mechanical connection, which can be realised by means of different joining technologies. The adaption of different joining technologies greatly influences the central characteristics of the battery pack in terms of battery performance, capacity and lifetime. Selection of a suitable joining technology, therefore, involves several considerations regarding electrical and mechanical properties and an assessment of production and operational conditions. Particularly, during the operation of an electric vehicle, challenges and mutual dependencies of the electrical and mechanical system emerge. The present work provides an overview of interdisciplinary challenges occurring at joints which are exposed to electrical current with a strong focus on interconnecting batteries for electric cars. It summarizes common quality criteria for the joining technologies and recombines those with criteria deduced from an electrical engineering point of view. Scientific literature concerning different joining technologies in the field of battery manufacturing is discussed based on those criteria. The most common joining techniques are ultrasonic welding, wire bonding, force fitting, soldering, laser beam welding, and resistance welding. Besides those, friction stir welding, tungsten inert gas welding, joining by forming and adhesive bonding are presented.
Safety related issues, regarding the use of hydrogen technologies have raised great concern in the industry, especially in mining, due to confined places where hydrogen leaks can accumulate and ...eventually cause a fire hazard or explosion. Currently, there are no sufficiently robust regulations or experiences regarding the use of hydrogen in mining, which must be resolved to design safety models, pertinent regulations and a strategy to guide the use of hydrogen. This article qualitatively and quantitatively analyzes the risks of a HFCV pilot project, identifying these risks to determine how they are involved in mining operations and evaluates how dangerous these are in this environment. This is achieved through a HAZOP study and using the F&EI, where the results contribute to the knowledge of hydrogen technologies. One of the strongest results obtained by using the F&EI, shows that a vehicle fueled by hydrogen (5 kg at 700 bar) in full operation presents an index of 153.0, a vehicle of similar characteristics fueled with natural gas (20 kg at 200 bar) will present a value of 197.1. Therefore, if the use of natural gas is authorized in underground mining, hydrogen that can be an even safer alternative, should be authorized too. Moreover, the results show that there is a similar probability with diesel (60 kg at 1 bar) of causing a potential incident, in addition, the HAZOP indicates that as long as hydrogen leaks are kept under control with adequate ventilation and appropriate vehicle design, the system becomes even more robust, which would be achieved by including additional infrastructure security measures to mitigate events of fire and explosion.
•HAZOP is an inductive risk identification technique based on the premise that accidents occur due to a process deviation.•The Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) quantify the potential fire and explosion risk of a process unit and its content.•Regarding F&EI risk, while vehicles are in operation, NG displayed an index value of 197.1, surpassing the H2 value of 153.0
In modern frequency inverter controlled electric drive trains, parasitic electric currents can occur in rolling bearings and lead to damages of the bearing components. In the prediction of bearing ...currents, the bearing capacitance plays a major role. It is commonly calculated based on the Hertzian area and the central lubrication gap height of the contact of the rolling contacts using different correction factors. In this work, a combined simulation model is presented to calculate the rolling bearing capacitance. It considers the capacitance of the rolling contact as well as the regions outside the contact domain. The model consists of an electrically extended EHL simulation of the rolling contact and a FEM simulation of the surroundings. The results of the combined simulation method show a good agreement with experimental results without the use of correction factors.
•Determination of rolling contact capacitance by EHL simulation.•Cavitation and lubricant properties (density, viscosity, permittivity) considered.•Capacitance calculation of the contact surroundings by FEM simulation.•Combining capacitances of contacts and contact surroundings to bearing capacitance.•Results show good agreement with measured bearing capacitance.•Contact surroundings and varying lubricating oil level affect bearing capacitance.
Die Elektromobilität wird als Schlüsseltechnologie zur Senkung der CO2‐Emissionen im Straßenverkehr gesehen. In der Diskussion um die Klimabilanz der Elektromobilität wird allerdings der hohe ...ökologische Fußabdruck in der Herstellung batterieelektrischer Fahrzeuge wenig adressiert, der sich insb. durch die ressourcenintensive Traktionsbatterie ergibt. Neben der Bereitstellung von regenerativem Ladestrom ist eine effiziente Kreislaufführung der Batteriematerialien und eine möglichst lange Nutzung der Batteriesysteme und Komponenten Voraussetzung für die nachhaltige Gestaltung der Elektromobilität. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick zur kreislaufwirtschaftlichen Wertschöpfungskette von obsoleten Traktionsbatterien aus Elektromobilen. Mithilfe eines systemdynamischen und eines ereignisdiskreten Simulationsansatzes werden zukünftige Rücklaufmengen obsoleter Traktionsbatterien auf Basis aktueller Diffusionsszenarien abgeschätzt sowie unterschiedliche Verwertungsoptionen von 2nd‐Life‐Konzepten bis hin zu alternativen Recyclingverfahren dargestellt und diskutiert.
Electro‐mobility is considered a key technology for reducing CO2 emissions in road traffic. However, an aspect that is little addressed in the discussion about the advantages of electro‐mobility for the reduction of greenhouse gas emission is the high ecological footprint of the manufacturing of electric vehicles, especially due to the resource‐intensive traction battery. In addition to the provision of renewable electricity for vehicle charging, efficient recycling of the battery materials and the longest possible use of the battery systems and components are prerequisites for the sustainable design of electro‐mobility. This article provides an overview of the circular value chain of obsolete traction batteries from electric vehicles. Based on a system‐dynamics and a discrete‐event simulation approach, future return quantities of obsolete traction batteries are estimated on the basis of current diffusion scenarios, and various utilization options from 2nd‐life concepts to alternative recycling processes are presented and discussed.
Elektromobilität lässt sich nur mit einer effizienten Kreislaufführung der Traktionsbatterien und ihrer Komponenten nachhaltig gestalten. Aktuelle Hochlaufzahlen der Elektromobilität, erwartete zukünftige Rücklaufmengen an Traktionsbatterien sowie deren Verwertungswege werden aufgezeigt. Dabei wird auf 2nd‐Life‐Konzepte und verschiedene Recyclingprozesse eingegangen.
The question of electromobility is greatly discussed theme of the present especially in connection with the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In order to fulfill decarbonization targets, ...incentives of many countries lead to the support of electromobility. In this paper we ask to which extend are Visegrád Group countries prepared for the widespread utilization of electric cars and define a new coefficient K called the infrastructural country electromobility coefficient. Its computing is covered by appropriate analysis and calculations done previously. Several indices that keep particular information about the state of preparation for electromobility are defined and debated here, as well. Their product forms the coefficient K. Obtained results include outcomes and discussion regarding the level of infrastructural electromobility preparedness for the chosen states, among which we extra focus on the position of Slovakia compared to the European Union average and European electromobility leaders. Based on the data obtained, we found out that the stage of preparation of Slovakia for electromobility among Visegrad Group countries is rather good, although it is far behind the European Union leaders. We realized that there was a rapid growth of electromobility infrastructure in Slovak Republic in the last five years as its infrastructural country electromobility coefficient grew 334 times.
This study proposes a business model to obtain a successful off-road machinery retrofit using fuel cell technology by the means of evaluating scenarios using the net present value NPV of the project ...as a figure of merit. Given the uncertainty of some parameters, such as the price of diesel, cost of hydrogen, and cost of technology. It is proposed to carry out a Monte Carlo simulation to sensitize the business model. The results of the simulation declare that the possibility of achieving a positive NPV is increased from 54% considering present conditions to 99% considering projections for the year 2030. The prices of diesel and hydrogen condition the results in a more relevant manner and a price relationship is obtained between these two variables. Taxes could play a key role in the future, according to the results obtained in this study.
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•The fuel cell is an essential element for the energy transition in the transport.•Fuel cell implementation in transport has a high possibility of being profitable in 2030.•The hydrogen and the diesel price will be key for the implementation of the fuel cell.•The reconditioning of fuel cell machinery is key to reaching the machinery markets.•Taxes per tons of carbon dioxide could speed up fuel cell deployment.
The main idea of this article is to identify the benefits of the full vehicle substitution process for a fully sustainable Urban Freight Transport (UFT) in economic, social, and environmental terms, ...based on the application of the experimental method. The scientific assumption was made that Electric Delivery Vehicles (EFV) can be complementary in the first stage, and only in the next stage, substitutable to the traditional diesel-powered fleet servicing transport (courier) tasks within the delivery limits in the Szczecin Agglomeration. To assess the level of substitutability, observational instruments were used, while ensuring an active modification of the studied phenomenon (introduction to the operation of selected routes of electric vehicles). The focus was on three key elements, the environment, rules, and regularities. The article presents the architecture of such experiments regarding 22 selected routes, which allowed for the calculation of selected performance indicators for ex-ante evaluation in planning delivery scenarios. The results were verified using a simulation-based approach in the Szczecin Metropolitan Area. As a result, it made it possible to find answers to the research questions posed, in particular: is it possible to fully replace combustion-engine vans with electric ones, and what integrated benefits can be identified, and their systematics has been illustrated in the proposed proprietary model “Electromobility Octagon Profit”. Future research could extend the theoretical knowledge by further exploring the development processes for the use of electric vehicles in the urban freight transport system and by adding insights from other contexts, stakeholders, and theoretical areas.
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