Electric buses are increasingly appearing on the streets of cities around the world. Thus, it is necessary to consider the impact of their charging on the distribution system operation, especially ...near the charging point. This article presents the problems that may arise while new charging points are connected. Research was carried out on the existing charging point at Spartańska Street in Warsaw, which allowed to obtain daily bus charging profiles and voltage curves. The authors then proposed an exemplary model of a bus terminus with the designed infrastructure for charging buses, based on the assumptions of the public transport operator in Warsaw. The comparison of these two solutions was made and based on it, a methodology of calculating daily demand for any terminus was prepared. In addition, no problems with the power quality were found during the research. This allows us to state that the introduction of electric buses into the fleet of passenger carriers will have a minor impact on the operation of the power system in Warsaw.
This study proposes a business model to obtain a successful off-road machinery retrofit using fuel cell technology by the means of evaluating scenarios using the net present value NPV of the project ...as a figure of merit. Given the uncertainty of some parameters, such as the price of diesel, cost of hydrogen, and cost of technology. It is proposed to carry out a Monte Carlo simulation to sensitize the business model. The results of the simulation declare that the possibility of achieving a positive NPV is increased from 54% considering present conditions to 99% considering projections for the year 2030. The prices of diesel and hydrogen condition the results in a more relevant manner and a price relationship is obtained between these two variables. Taxes could play a key role in the future, according to the results obtained in this study.
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•The fuel cell is an essential element for the energy transition in the transport.•Fuel cell implementation in transport has a high possibility of being profitable in 2030.•The hydrogen and the diesel price will be key for the implementation of the fuel cell.•The reconditioning of fuel cell machinery is key to reaching the machinery markets.•Taxes per tons of carbon dioxide could speed up fuel cell deployment.
The main idea of this article is to identify the benefits of the full vehicle substitution process for a fully sustainable Urban Freight Transport (UFT) in economic, social, and environmental terms, ...based on the application of the experimental method. The scientific assumption was made that Electric Delivery Vehicles (EFV) can be complementary in the first stage, and only in the next stage, substitutable to the traditional diesel-powered fleet servicing transport (courier) tasks within the delivery limits in the Szczecin Agglomeration. To assess the level of substitutability, observational instruments were used, while ensuring an active modification of the studied phenomenon (introduction to the operation of selected routes of electric vehicles). The focus was on three key elements, the environment, rules, and regularities. The article presents the architecture of such experiments regarding 22 selected routes, which allowed for the calculation of selected performance indicators for ex-ante evaluation in planning delivery scenarios. The results were verified using a simulation-based approach in the Szczecin Metropolitan Area. As a result, it made it possible to find answers to the research questions posed, in particular: is it possible to fully replace combustion-engine vans with electric ones, and what integrated benefits can be identified, and their systematics has been illustrated in the proposed proprietary model “Electromobility Octagon Profit”. Future research could extend the theoretical knowledge by further exploring the development processes for the use of electric vehicles in the urban freight transport system and by adding insights from other contexts, stakeholders, and theoretical areas.
Minimization of negative environmental impact of transport cannot be pursued through mobility limiting, but rather through efficient utilization of natural resources. Some of the ways to reduce ...harmful pollution and noise include increasing the use of electric energy for transportation and developing electromobility. However, municipalities face difficult decisions connected with the siting of charging stations, for example, budget limitations are an important factor. The presented method allows for selecting a subset of existing parking lots where the charging devices will be sited. As the inputs, only easily accessible data is required. Applying a genetic algorithm combined with fuzzy logic and the Pareto front analysis, one could establish a set of optimal solutions for multiple pre-defined restrictive and partially contradictory criteria. The method has been discussed using a real example of a medium-sized city in southern Poland. Its results have also made it possible to verify whether a budget required for the planned investment is substantiated.
Studies show that electromobility will emerge in urban areas. As urban mobility solutions are changing, electromobility is intended with a big potential of sustainable innovation. Nevertheless, ...changing the mobility culture depends on certain requirements. According to Urri, the automobile development lies in breaking the dominant role of cars which results in a development deadlock. In order to change the mobility culture, the mental approach to mobility options and the infrastructural conditions need to be considered as two central factors. Future mobility isn´t about less mobility, but rather a different way of being mobile and using different types of mobility solutions.
This paper presents a research project that is based on the systemic-relational approach. It seeks to develop and introduce the conditions of electromobility in an urban area without a well-frequented local public transport by a networked innovation cooperation in four development areas. The central goal of this work is the integrated development of service innovation of technical and non-technical manner based on the network of project partners, the city council and the university. A change towards electromobility means changing infrastructure, market actors and business models. It signifies a change of social-cultural systems regarding mobility habits, practices and values. One of our main results show that the emotional perception by using experiences of electromobility has a positive effect on its social acceptability which raises the “flow factor” of electromobility.
Based on the electric vehicle (EV) arrival times and the duration of EV connection to the charging station, we identify charging patterns and derive groups of charging stations with similar charging ...patterns applying two approaches. The ruled based approach derives the charging patterns by specifying a set of time intervals and a threshold value. In the second approach, we combine the modified l-p norm (as a matrix dissimilarity measure) with hierarchical clustering and apply them to automatically identify charging patterns and groups of charging stations associated with such patterns. A dataset collected in a large network of public charging stations is used to test both approaches. Using both methods, we derived charging patterns. The first, rule-based approach, performed well at deriving predefined patterns and the latter, hierarchical clustering, showed the capability of delivering unexpected charging patterns.
The intensive growth of cities and transport systems makes its specific problems, the most serious of them include pollution and noise caused by individual transport in urban areas. The transition ...towards green solutions makes it possible to reduce the negative effects of conventional internal combustion engines used in vehicles. A considerable limitation experienced while attempting to introduce electric vehicles into cities is the network of charging stations. The article proposes a charging station siting method which takes into account distances between charging stations for location charging stations out appropriately within a particular urban area using a GIS-based approach. The results of the method can be verified and changed, depending on the chosen scenario, assuming different numbers of charging stations, by analysing the aspect of pedestrian accessibility within the given area. It also refers to a specific example of the method application in the city of Katowice in Poland. To compare the scenarios, the accessibility of charging stations was analysed using pedestrian access isochrones. The results obtained for the five-minute isochrone show that an increase in the number of stations from 33 to 99 makes it possible to increase the coverage area by nearly 199%. The results thus obtained confirm the efficiency of the method in question when used for planning the distribution of vehicle charging stations. What this method enables is adapting the iterative process of charging station siting to the city budget, which is an important additional element.
The global trend towards electromobility raises questions about the treatment of lithium-ion batteries from battery-electric vehicles at the end-of-life stage. The paper examines two ...pyrometallurgical recycling routes (a direct and a multi-step process) for different lithium-ion battery cell compositions (NMC333/C, NMC811/C, LFP/C, NMCLMO/C) from a techno-economic perspective. Based on lifecycle inventories per recycling process and battery type, the profitability of these two recycling processes is investigated by conducting a total cost of ownership analysis for typified pyrometallurgical recycling plants on a pre-industrial scale. The results reveal that the cell chemistry will have a major impact on the profitability of recycling. In particular, it appears to be difficult to operate recycling profitably under current conditions for low-cobalt and low-nickel battery types. A sensitivity analysis shows different levers and their respective limitations for increasing the process profitability of recycling different lithium-ion battery cell systems.
•The current price levels question the profitability of LIB pyrometallurgical recycling.•LIB cell chemistry strongly influences profitability of pyrometallurgical recycling.•Current market trends make it difficult to economically recycle LIBs.•LIB recycling benefits from automatization and increasing raw material prices.•Electromobility debate needs to consider end-of-life costs for LIB recycling.
Electric vehicles and energy storage systems are technologies in the stage of intensive development. One of the innovative ways to use electric cars is the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) concept. V2G charging ...points are characterized by the ability of bidirectional energy flow while charging EV/BEV (Electric Vehicles/Battery Electric Vehicles). In periods of low energy consumption and the presence of the highest shares of renewable sources, the cleanest electricity is drawn from the grid at the lowest prices and stored in a “mobile warehouse”, which is an electric car. During the reported peaks in electricity demand and the presence of high tariffs, the previously stored energy may be sold back to the distribution network operator. Thanks to this application, the technology determines the highest profitability of the system and assigns EV/BEV the ability to manage electricity flows, while improving the energy balance of the economy. The prospects for the spread of V2G have increased along with the growing requirements for domestic economies, closely related to the significant share of renewable energy sources. The vision of connecting EV/BEV with the power grid creates completely new ways of managing energy and makes it possible to build smart agglomerations in line with the Smartcity idea. Especially since Turkey is one of the countries promoting this idea. The scientific aim of the study is to maximize the aggregator’s profits for V2G by creating a coalition with renewable energy producers and combining the capacities of many EVs and offering their total capacities to the electricity markets. The subject of the research was to obtain extensive knowledge about the vehicle–grid interactions taking place in the Turkish power system. For this purpose, an analysis is conducted to determine the optimal preferred operating points and the amount of regulation proposals that maximize the profit of the EV users while satisfying the constraints of each stochastic parameter. The results show the system benefits from the implementation of the algorithms are significant to optimal bidirectional V2G impacts on distribution systems with high penetration of EVs. The research can find practical applications in assessing the role of electric vehicles and their integration in the vehicle–grid system in power systems. At the same time, pointing to the benefits related to the implementation of such solutions for Turkey and other countries in the field of electromobility, stability of energy systems, and energy independence through the possibility of achieving the desired synergy effect.
An important role in the consumption of electric energy in urban transport are non-traction needs (auxiliaries), the main part of which is heating and air condition (HVAC). Auxiliaries are ...responsible for almost half of total energy consumption (normal weather conditions) and in the winter (or hot summer) it reaches up to 70% in daily scale. The reduction of energy used for non-traction needs is currently the main challenge related to the reduction of energy demand of means of transport. It is particularly important for battery vehicles, powered from an energy source with a very limited capacity.
The article presents the analysis of the influence of air temperature on the energy consumption of electric traction carried out on the basis of the real data measurement analysis. The relation between the ambient temperature and the demand for heating power was determined quantitatively. The impact of traffic delays on auxiliaries energy consumption was analyzed and it was shown, that traffic congestion can result in 60% overall energy consumption increase. Presented researches also refer to the relationship between the bus charging cycle (night charging, opportunity fast charging) and the optimal value of energy consumption, which should be assumed for energy calculations. Depending on the charging mode, the differences can reach up to 50%.
In the final part of the article, different methods of optimization of non-traction needs systems were compared.
•Auxiliaries consume above 50% of overall energy in electric public transportation - the main challenge for emobility.•Energy consumption of ebus changes from 1 to 4 kWh/km: battery needs to be adjusted to the real conditions.•Traffic congestion can result in 60% energy consumption increase: ITS highly recommended.•Heat pump and heating power adjusting - reduction of size of the traction batteries by 20–50%.
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