Este artículo ofrece una revisión general de los nombres de Estados como tema de estudio de gran interés para campos del conocimiento en los que esta cuestión resulta relevante, como en los ámbitos ...de las Relaciones Internacionales y la diplomacia. Se trata de una materia con diversas vertientes y que presenta complejidades no siempre evidentes, lo cual justifica que sean consideradas y analizadas, no solo desde una vertiente académica, sino también porque resultan útiles en términos prácticos. Desde una perspectiva exploratoria se repasan los aspectos fundamentales de este objeto de estudio, ubicado en la encrucijada entre la geografía, la ciencia política y la lingüística. Para este propósito se revisan sus principales conceptos de esta materia _particularmente los de oficialidad y formalidad_ y se propone una categorización de los nombres formales de los Estados a partir de los elementos que los componen. Se espera que esta contribución, planteada desde el punto de vista de la lengua española, suscite nuevas bases para futuros desarrollos en este campo de estudio que, por necesidad, debe ser multidisciplinario.
Norfolk Island (South Pacific), a small external territory of Australia, has a placenaming record marked by distinct historical, settlement, and land use periods. This brief communication considers ...the complex nexus of official–unofficial, embedded–unembedded, and English–Norfolk Island language toponyms as a way to make better sense of the localization of toponymic knowledge and to appreciate better how such knowledge functions within a minute society intricately connected to its own largely known past and an ever changing toponymic present. The data were collected during interview fieldwork on Norfolk Island during the period 2007–2009. It concludes by putting forward a four-category division of Norfolk Island toponyms: 1) official names adhering to common colonial forms; 2) official and unofficial descriptive names; 3) unofficial names commemorating local people; 4) unofficial and esoteric names remembering local events and people. These categories appear distinct, but they are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The differentiation of processes of toponyms becoming embedded and the localization of toponymic knowledge are a possible explanation for the loss of toponymic knowledge among younger people on Norfolk Island and suggests a general ecological disconnect across time involving people, history, and events associated with Norfolk Island toponyms. The Norfolk Island official–unofficial toponym distinction is applicable to other toponymic case studies, especially situations with competing placenaming histories.
In 2019, the Swedish government officially switched terminology from using the traditional endogenous term Vitryssland to the exogenous Belarus. Vitryssland (lit: White Russia) had been in use in the ...Swedish language since the 17th century, and the decision was neither easy nor swift. There was no consensus about the utility of the change, and significant opposition from linguists and editors against abandoning a term which had emerged and become established over centuries of contact. The debate preceding the switch was often shrill, led by activists and steeped in identity politics. In fact, controversies regarding what to call the country were nothing new, highlighting diverging visions of its geopolitical and cultural position between East and West. Discussions mirrored the far more emotional and polarized discussions among Belarusian nationalists in the 20th century, which at times became violent. Kryvia, Byelorussia, Greatlitva were but some of contenders. This article is an attempt to place discussions about the Swedish terminology in the larger context of history, memory, geopolitics and identity politics.
En aquest estudi s’han extret 387 topònims de 64 textos literaris ídixs traduïts a l’anglès, el francès, el castellà i el català. S’han comparat amb les formes ídixs
tal com apareixen a les obres ...originals i s’han identificat les tècniques de traducció emprades. L’examen mostra que en el trasllat d’endotopònims ídixs sense equivalents en la llengua d’arribada sovintegen les interferències de terceres llengües. Tenint en compte l’especificitat de la toponímia ídix i diverses perspectives traductològiques sobre el trasllat de topònims, argumentem que aquesta pràctica és problemàtica perquè invisibilitza l’arrelament territorial de les comunitats idixòfones de l’Europa central i de l’est i, a més, resulta incoherent amb el tractament donat als antropònims i als referents culturals en les mateixes traduccions. Sobre aquesta base, es proposa una estratègia alternativa per a traslladar els endotopònims ídixs que no tinguin un equivalent en la llengua d’arribada.
In this study, 387 toponyms have been extracted from 64 English, French, Spanish or Catalan translations of Yiddish literary texts and compared to
the original Yiddish forms in the source texts to identify the translation techniques used. The study shows that interference from third languages is frequent in the rendering of Yiddish endonyms without equivalents in the target language. Taking the specificities of Yiddish toponyms and several different theoretical approaches to the translation of toponyms into consideration, it is argued that the practice in question is problematic because it conceals the roots of the Yiddish-speaking communities of Central and Eastern Europe and is inconsistent with the way in which anthroponyms and cultural references are dealt with in the same translations. On that basis, an alternative strategy for the translation of Yiddish endonyms without equivalents in the target language is proposed.
Endonyms and exonyms are usually defined as geographic name variants, used by communities in loco and by outsider communities, respectively. Jordan (Challenges in synchronic toponymy: structure, ...context and use. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, 2015) has argued that, at a cognitive level, coastal dwellers may be aware of an 'artificial' line between the sea area where their own name has endonym status, contrary to the area where others have different names for the same referents—the latter being exonyms in the view of the first mentioned community. Endonyms, the author states, reflect that the name giving community feels 'at home' in the territory concerned, or emotionally attached to it. The author has proposed to consider names in uninhabited areas as endonyms if they (1) have first been attributed by one of the adjoining language communities, or (2) have etymological roots in the language of such a community, or (3) have been attributed from the perspective of such a community. His proposal meets, however, with a difficulty: translations or adaptations in another language may be felt in due time as endonyms by the speakers of that language. This paper will mainly focus on names of geographic features in the southern North Sea. A strictly synchronic approach will be applied. The consequence is, that no distinction will be made between endonyms and exonyms in the sense that they would reflect the feeling of 'being at home'. This paper discerns: (1) Dutch names without English equivalent, (2) English names without Dutch equivalent; and (3) Dutch and English name pairs. It examines their geographic distribution and will try to draw some conclusions concerning the name giving processes involved.
Exonyms – i.e. toponyms of the type Rakousko, Benátky (‘Austria’, ‘Venice’) – were introduced to the Czech landscape (along with foreign endonyms) in medieval times. During the 19th century, a new, ...specific application of foreign place names began to appear, and this development forms the focus of the present article. Such words began to feature in attributive structures of the type český, pražský (‘Czech’ or ‘Bohemian’, ‘Prague’s’) + exonym / foreign endonym; many of these structures came into widespread use referring to areas whose boundaries were not clearly delineated or defined, or they served the purposes of marketing and advertising. In the 1990s, the growing influence of a “new” European regionalism and the formation of new territorial entities was accompanied by a revival of some old regional identities – and, in turn, by the revival of their names. Attributive structures with foreign place names thus began to re-appear in toponymy, and also in advertising or journalism. The analysis presented in this article is based on the SYN PUB component of the Czech National Corpus, and it focuses on the collocations of the lemmas český/moravský/slezský (‘Czech’ or ‘Bohemian’/‘Moravian’/‘Silesian’) + exonym / foreign endonym, aiming to offer insight into the reasons underlying the use of such structures in contemporary journalism.
Two types of ethnonym - endonyms (used within a community itself) and exonyms (used by other Gypsy groups and the macro-society) - correlate in complex ways. We concentrate on cases characteristic of ...the Balkans and the Gypsy groups who migrated from there in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Among these groups, ethnonyms are formed on the basis of the economic activities characteristic for a given Gypsy group (so-called professionyms), for instance Kalajdži, Demirdži, Kelderari, and Košničari/Sepetči. We analyse the different ways in which endonyms and exonyms function. In doing so we show the emergence and decline of specific group appellations and how particular Gypsy groups are distinguished from others through the clear expression of group ethnonyms.
Geografska imena ili toponimi jesu vlastita imena prirodnih i društvenih geografskih objekata u prostoru. Predmet su istraživanja mnogih znanosti i znanstvenih disciplina, ponajprije toponomastike, ...geografije, povijesti i kartografije, a njihovu im širu uporabu omogućuju brojna leksikografska i kartografska izdanja. Cilj je ovoga rada primjerima upozoriti na neke probleme koji se javljaju u pisanju toponima stranih geografskih objekata u leksikonima, enciklopedijama i atlasima hrvatskih leksikografskih izdanja. Ponajviše se to odnosi na probleme međusobne neujednačenosti i nedosljednosti, koji su posljedica nepostojanja jedinstvenih kriterija pisanja imena stranih geografskih objekata. Svrha
rada jest dati prilog proučavanju geografskih imena, naglasiti potrebu da se usustavi način njihova pisanja te uputiti na odgovornost koju kod ujednačivanja i očuvanja geografskih imena imaju leksikografi.
The Elusive Endonym Eccardt, Thomas
Word (Worcester),
04/2024, Letnik:
70, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The term 'exonym' was coined in 1957 by Marcel Aurousseau, an Australian geographer, to denote a place name used in a non-native language. 'Endonym' was later coined analogously as its counterpart, ...meaning the native name for a place. An example exonym would be the English word Germany, referring to the country whose inhabitants know it as its endonym Deutschland. These terms are useful to cartographers and also the United Nations, since it publishes documents in its six official languages, referring to places all over the world.
The topic of endonyms and exonyms would seem to fall into the linguistics domain of onomastics and/or languages in contact, but it is difficult to find a linguistics textbook that mentions the concept. This paper will attempt to more fully explain the subject in the light of the facts of linguistics. It will correct common assumptions that stem from the distinction between proper and common nouns, from the international use of the Roman alphabet, from the dominance of the English language, and from ignorance of the well-established and well-understood processes of language evolution. It will conclude that exonyms are equivalent to loanword borrowings, and that there are no true endonyms.
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