•Extracted Biofuel from the bio waste of Chicken shop by transesterification process.•Extracted Chicken waste oil (Biofuel) was enhanced with ZnO Nanoparticles.•BCW20/200ZnO Nanofuel exhibited 25% ...higher BTE than pure Diesel.•BCW20/100ZnO Nanofuel exhibited 13% higher BTE than pure Diesel.•SFC of BCW20/200ZnO and BCW20/100ZnO are 4% & 1% lesser than diesel.
Microbial engineering is a new class of engineering that integrates the technologies of developing alternate fuels with chemical engineering and biotechnology. Clean technology-based research creates a high social impact and offers high benefits to society. This manuscript addresses the utilisation of biowaste from chicken shops for generating biofuel through transesterification and preparing Nano-fuels. The extracted biofuel was considered for preparing the B20 grade biodiesel, the biodiesel enhanced by mixing of ZnO nanoparticles (Nano-fuels). Through Ultrasonicator the B20 grade biodiesel mixed with ZnO (Zinc Oxide) Nanoparticles (50 Nano-meter (nm) average-sized) at two different concentrations. The proposed fuels like BCW20 biodiesel (20 %Chicken biowaste oil and 80 % Diesel), Nano-fuels (concentrations of 100 parts per million (ppm) and 200 ppm of ZnO nanoparticles) and tested these fuels in diesel engines to ensure its compatibility. The performance above said fuels were compared in terms of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), combustion performance by In-cylinder Pressure (ICP) and Heat Release Rate (HRR), and emission performance by emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrocarbons (HC) and Carbon monoxide (CO). The comparative analysis revealed that 200 ppm ZnO nanoparticles concentrated Nano fuel outperformed by yielding 27 % higher BTE, proved economy by 4 % lesser BSFC, and also reduced NOx, HC, and CO emissions by 17 %, 7 %, and 11 %, respectively. The best operating condition is the use of BCW20 + 200 ZnO fuel, in particularly above 3.5KW of brake power (BP), the BSFC recorded less, at above 75 % load HC emissions found less and remaining other aspects there is no limitation in the use of recommended BCW20 + 200 ZnO fuel.
Carbon footprint indicates the total amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere by individuals, institutions and countries. The widespread use of fossil fuels is a big player which ...increases the carbon footprint. Therefore, switching to sustainable alternatives in energy production and consumption is an effective step in combating climate change, as well as efforts to prevent the depletion of fossil fuels. In this regard, although biodiesels offer a solution to the depletion of fossil fuels, with this advantage, the effects of production processes and use on environmental sustainability should be taken into consideration. Many scientific studies have shown that engine performance remains below standards with biodiesel. The availability of hydrogen as an energy carrier in cylinder to overcome the above-mentioned negative situations has recently become a popular topic for fuel researchers. In this work, the diesel-biodiesel fuels were blended proportionally and tested on a three-cylinder water-cooled in-direct diesel engine at varying loads (15, 30, 45, and 60 Nm) and a constant engine speed of 2200 rpm for observing the effects of test fuels on combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of diesel engine. First of all, conventional diesel fuel (D) was used to obtain reference data, and then B20 fuel obtained by mixing waste cooking oil with 20 % by volume of diesel fuel was used. The remaining 4 fuels are test fuels obtained by giving hydrogen from the intake manifold at different flow rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 L/min) in addition to B20 fuel. These fuels are called B20 + 10 Lpm H2, B20 + 20 Lpm H2, B20 + 30 Lpm H2 and B20 + 40 Lpm H2, respectively. As a result, the BSFC of B20 fuel increased by 8.78 % compared to diesel fuel, and then the addition of hydrogen dropped the BSFC value by 8.8 %, 13.02 %, 17.16 %, and 22.12 % for B20 + 10 Lpm H2, B20 + 20 Lpm H2, B20 + 30 Lpm H2, and B20 + 40 Lpm H2, respectively. Hydrogen enrichment also had a positive impact on BTE. Although the BTE dropped by 6.14 % in B20 fuel compared to diesel, it increased by 4.51 %, 5.05 %, 5.62 %, and 7.12 % in B20 + 10 Lpm H2, B20 + 20 Lpm H2, B20 + 30 Lpm H2 and B20 + 40 Lpm H2 fuels, respectively. The addition of 10, 20, 30, and 40 Lpm H2 to B20 fuel reduced NOx emissions by 31.25 %, 33.08 %, 38.87 %, and 41.46 %, respectively, and also reduced CO emissions by 17.47 %, 30.73 %, 51.8 % and 59.04 % respectively.
•Detailed combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of in-direct CI engine.•Combustion temperature increased as the hydrogen volume increased due to its high calorific value.•Deteriorating engine performances resulting from the use of biodiesel were improved with hydrogen.•At the engine load of 60 Nm, the engine performance worsened for all test fuels due to deterioration of air fuel ratio.
The drastic rise in global warming and the fossil fuel consumption have resulted in destruction of the ecological balance, reduction of the environmental quality, and demotion of the sustainable ...development. The utilization of biofuels have been paid much attention to by researchers and policy makers due to its benefits and indisputable contributions to protect the living environment. Free fatty acid-rich rice bran oil which is unsuitable for food purposes could be a good candidate for biofuel production. Accordingly, rice bran oil-based biofuels (straight oil and its biodiesel) as promising alternative fuels to petrodiesel were reviewed in this article from the sources, components, and physicochemical perspectives. In addition, biodiesel production from rice bran oil using various methods and catalysts was thoroughly detailed. The oxidative stability of rice bran biodiesel as a function of the storage time was also discussed. The application of rice bran oil-based biofuels to diesel engines was completely analyzed and critically discussed based on engine performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics. The effects of using rice bran oil-based biofuels on the lubricating oil degradation, deposit formation, wear, and sound intensity of diesel engines were explained in detail. Finally, the economic aspects of using rice bran oil and its biodiesel as fuels were also assessed. As a conclusion, the blend containing 20% rice bran oil biodiesel and 80% petrodiesel fuel, both in volume, could be the most effective composition considering the techno-economic aspects of diesel engines; meanwhile the remaining blends appeared to be improper for the existing diesel engines.
•Various aspects of biofuels from rice bran oil as alternatives to diesel are reviewed.•Biodiesel production from rice bran oil using various methods is analyzed in detail.•The effects of rice bran oil-based biofuels on the behavior of engines are detailed.•The economic aspects of using rice bran oil and its biodiesel as fuels are assessed.•Blending diesel with 20% rice bran oil biodiesel could lead to promising results.
Global energy demand is increasing due to the population growth and industrialization. In order to fulfill the energy demand with considering global concern, it is necessary to find out alternative ...fuel sources. Biodiesel is one of the best choices because of its immense potential to be part of energy mix in the near future as well as the capability of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aims to provide information to the engineers, industrialists and researchers who are interested on biodiesel. The paper presents a comprehensive review on the impact of potential biodiesel feedstocks (edible and non-edible) on engine performance and exhaust emissions including details of engine and operating condition. A large number of literatures from highly rated journals in scientific indexes are reviewed including the most recent publications. Most of the authors showed that using biodiesel from various feedstocks in diesel engines slightly lowered brake power and brake thermal efficiency but increases BSFC than diesel fuel. It was also reported that biodiesel significantly reduced the PM, HC, CO and CO2 emissions but gives slightly higher NOx emissions. It was shown that NOx can be reduced by some approaches such as blending with additives and EGR technique. The study concluded that biodiesel can be used in compression ignition engine with no or minor engine modification. Finally biodiesel can be used as a substitute of diesel fuel to fulfill the energy demand, reduce dependency on fossil fuel as well as the exhaust emissions of the engine.
Nowadays, energy consumption is progressively boosting in all sectors because of the rising in population and enhancing lifestyle. The dependency over fossil-based fuels has been increasing due to ...the ever-growing need for energy. The declining characterization of such energy sources and the increment nature of energy demand have led to vital apprehensions of energy regarding future energy safety. Keeping this in mind, the usage of alternative fuels such as biodiesel can be one of the possible solutions in order to accomplish the future energy demand. In this context, the biodiesel production is an attractive way for researchers. Biodiesel is non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel that can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats and also their wastes by applying different techniques. Contrary to the advantages, the biggest disadvantage of biodiesel is that costs are largely dependent on the feedstock. Although it has the nature of the food, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) can be utilized as a feedstock for biodiesel production because its oil consumption is limited and it can be grown in arid and dry areas all over the world. This review paper has presented a detailed overview of safflower plant, the physicochemical properties of safflower oil and its biodiesel, the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the safflower oil biodiesel when used in a diesel engine. The findings of the present work revealed that biodiesel production from safflower oil is possible and the observations from the literature resulted in comparable fuel properties, engine performance and emission parameters with those of diesel.
•This paper presents a comprehensive review of safflower as a potential biodiesel feedstock.•One of the countries that have the greatest potential to produce this crop on a commercial scale is Turkey.•High oil ratio and quality of its characteristics of the oil makes it a choice to produce biodiesel.•The physico-chemical characteristics of the safflower oil biodiesel are studied in a detail.•Safflower oil biodiesel and its blends can be used in different types of engines without any modification on the engine.
•Intrrrrroduction of preparation methods and key properties of metal nanoparticle (MNP)•Comparison of engine performance using MNP-laden biodiesel and diesel fuel.•Analysis of combustion and emission ...characteristics for MNP-laden biodiesel/diesel.•Improvement of tribology behaviors for MNP-laden biodiesel compared to diesel fuel.
In recent years, searching for efficient solutions to improve the emission and performance characteristics of diesel engines is considered as one of the essential and urgent work. Metal nanoparticles with a large surface area and high heat transfer coefficient could provide the impressive additive ability to the fuel reactivity and atomization. Therefore, the critical role of metal nanoparticles in the support of diesel engine behaviors using biodiesel and diesel is thoroughly evaluated in this current review. Indeed, preparation methods and critical properties of metal nanoparticles and metal nanoparticles-laden fuels are fully introduced. More importantly, the performance, combustion, emission characteristics, and tribology behaviors of diesel engines running on metal nanoparticles-laden biodiesel are compared to diesel fuel in detail. Generally, metal nanoparticles-included biodiesel facilitates the formation of a more homogeneous oxygen-containing mixture of fuel–air, resulting in a more complete combustion process than that of diesel fuel. As a result, the use of biodiesel with the presence of metal nanoparticles is considered as the potential strategy for promoting spay and atomization, enhancing the combustion process, increasing brake thermal efficiency (BTE), reducing toxic emissions (including carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke), and improving tribology characteristics. However, some drawbacks are also indicated, such as increased NOx emission and brake-specific fuel consumption. In addition, it is also concluded that studies on other environmental impacts (such as PM emission), the stable properties of metal nanoparticles, and economic aspects should be made more extensively before commercial applications of metal nanoparticles in the real world.
Nanomaterials exhibit excellent properties, allowing them to act as fuel additives to improve diesel engine characteristics. This review highlights the unique potentials of nanomaterials and their ...activities in diesel engines to achieve lower harmful diesel emissions and better engine performance. The effects of nanomaterial-enriched fuels on engine characteristics and engine subsystems as well as associated opportunities, identified from laboratory test results obtained in recent years, are discussed. On the basis of two criteria, the best nanomaterial-base fuel pairs are identified from the set of the most frequently tested nanomaterials engaged as fuel additives in diesel engines. This is followed by a review of technical challenges that will need to be addressed and resolved to assure practical viability of nanomaterials acting as fuel additives. Finally, the environmental and human health risks, exposed by investigations in recent years, are reviewed. Wherever possible, potential solutions to outstanding problems are addressed and discussed briefly.
Display omitted
•The use of green hydrogen as fuel in both SI and CI engines.•Both SI and CI engines marked positive outcomes with applications of hydrogen fuel.•Hydrogen addition in ICEs improved ...thermal efficiency, fuel and energy consumption.•Remarkable reduction in most engine emissions with hydrogen enrichment.•Peak HRR and cylinder pressure were raised with the presence of hydrogen in the fuel.
Huge and continuously growing non-renewable energy consumption due to human daily activities is accountable for the fossil fuel source crisis in recent decades. The growing concern about the emissions from internal combustion engines also impels the development of new energy sources to replace or reduce conventional non-renewable energy usage. In this context, hydrogen is found to be a promising solution in internal combustion engines to address these issues. The novelty of this review is to provide an overview of the use of hydrogen as internal combustion fuel, covering the operations in both spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Majority of the studies had shown that hydrogen enrichment fuels marked incredible engine performance in terms of thermal efficiency, fuel consumption and energy consumption. In addition, reductions in exhaust emissions such as smoke, soot, HC, CO, CO2 and NOx can be achieved in both SI and CI engines with proper operating conditions. Moreover, outstanding combustion behaviours were observed in both internal combustion engines with the application of hydrogen fuel. These enhancements were mainly attributed to the physicochemical properties of hydrogen, which exhibits higher calorific value and rapid flaming speed as discussed in this paper. To summarize, hydrogen utilisation in the IC and SI engines aided improvements in engine performance, exhaust emissions, and combustion behaviours under appropriate operating conditions and minor engine modifications such as ignition system and iridium spark plug for SI engines.
•Investigated nanoparticle usage along with diesel/biofuel blends.•Noticed a significant improvement in engine performance and emission characteristics with nanoparticles.•Observed some critical ...problems with nanoparticle usage in fuels.•Accelerated chemical reactions during the combustion process with the presence of nanoparticles in the combustion chamber.
Global warming, climate change, air pollution, and harmful exhaust emissions for human health are highly associated with the burning of petroleum fuels at a huge level. In the beginning, biodiesel fuels have been introduced as a promising alternative fuel to mitigate these problems. However, poor atomization, low energy content, high viscosity, and density of biodiesels are the main obstacles to the frequent usage of biodiesel fuels in diesel engines. That is because biodiesel fuels in CI engines have generally resulted in higher fuel consumption, lower thermal efficiency, and higher NOx emission. On the other hand, most fuel researchers recently announced that the addition of nanoparticles in biodiesel blends has led to making biodiesels attractive again by significantly improving their poor biodiesel properties such as thermophysical properties, calorific value, heat transfer rate, evaporation rate, etc. From this point of view, many published papers in the area demonstrated that the addition of nanoparticles in biodiesel blended fuels has simultaneously provided fewer exhaust emissions, better performance, and combustion characteristics thanks to the high catalyst effect of nanoparticles. In the conclusion, the present review paper clearly announced that the addition of nanoparticles is a very strong way to re-improving the worsened engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of biodiesel-diesel blends.
To meet stringent vehicular exhaust emission norms worldwide, several exhaust pre-treatment and post-treatment techniques have been employed in modern engines. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is a ...pre-treatment technique, which is being used widely to reduce and control the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission from diesel engines. EGR controls the NOx because it lowers oxygen concentration and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. However, the use of EGR leads to a trade-off in terms of soot emissions. Higher soot generated by EGR leads to long-term usage problems inside the engines such as higher carbon deposits, lubricating oil degradation and enhanced engine wear. Present experimental study has been carried out to investigate the effect of EGR on soot deposits, and wear of vital engine parts, especially piston rings, apart from performance and emissions in a two cylinder, air cooled, constant speed direct injection diesel engine, which is typically used in agricultural farm machinery and decentralized captive power generation. Such engines are normally not operated with EGR. The experiments were carried out to experimentally evaluate the performance and emissions for different EGR rates of the engine. Emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), NOx, carbon monoxide (CO), exhaust gas temperature, and smoke opacity of the exhaust gas etc. were measured. Performance parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were calculated. Reduction in NOx and exhaust gas temperature were observed but emissions of particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR. The engine was operated for 96h in normal running conditions and the deposits on vital engine parts were assessed. The engine was again operated for 96h with EGR and similar observations were recorded. Higher carbon deposits were observed on the engine parts operating with EGR. Higher wear of piston rings was also observed for engine operated with EGR.
