Experimental investigation was carried out to study the combustion, engine performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, air cooled, constant speed compression ...ignition engine, fuelled with two modified fuel blends, B20 (Diesel–soybean biodiesel) and diesel–soybean biodiesel–ethanol blends, with alumina as a nanoadditive (D80SBD15E4S1 + alumina), and the results are compared with those of neat diesel. The nanoadditive was mixed in the fuel blend along with a suitable surfactant by means of an ultrasonicator, to achieve stable suspension. The properties of B20, D80SBD15E4S1 + alumina fuel blend are changed due to the mixing of soybean biodiesel and the incorporation of the alumina nanoadditives. Some of the measured properties are compared with those of neat diesel, and presented. The cylinder pressure during the combustion and the heat release rate, are higher in the D80SBD15E4S1 + alumina fuel blend, compared to neat diesel. Further, the exhaust gas temperature is reduced in the case of the D80SBD15E4S1 + alumina fuel blend, which shows that higher temperature difference prevailing during the expansion stroke could be the major reason for the higher brake thermal efficiency in the case of D80SBD15E4S1 + alumina fuel blend. The presence of oxygen in the soybean biodiesel, and the better mixing capabilities of the nanoparticles, reduce the CO and UBHC appreciably, though there is a small increase in NOx at full load condition.
•Two modified fuels B20, D80SBD15E4S1 + alumina are prepared and compared with diesel.•D80SBD15E4S1 + alumina blend increases cylinder pressure and maximum heat release rate.•BSEC is minimum at 75% load and full load for D80SBD15E4S1 + alumina blend.•CO, CO2, UBHC decreases with D80SBD15E4S1+alumina blend while a small increase in NOx.
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This study aims to investigate a CI diesel engine characteristic of diesel-biodiesel blend with oxygenated alcohols and nanoparticle fuel additives. Biodiesel was synthesized from a ...complementary palm-sesame oil blend using an ultrasound-assisted transesterification process. B30 was mixed with fuel additives as the base fuel to form ternary blends in different proportions before engine testing. The oxygenated alcohols (DMC and DEE) and nanoparticles (CNT and TiO2) were used to improve both the fuel characteristics and engine emission and performance parameters. B30 fuel was mixed with 5% (DEE) and 10% (DMC) by volume and 100 ppm concentration of CNT and TiO2 nanoparticles, respectively, which are kept constant during this study. Engine performance and emissions characteristics were studied using a CI diesel engine with variable engine rpm at full load condition. The results were compared with B30 fuel and B10 (commercial diesel). The main findings indicated that the B30 + TiO2 ternary blend shows an overall decrease in brake specific fuel consumption up to 4.1% among all tested fuels. B30 + DMC produced a higher 9.88% brake thermal efficiency, among other fuels. B30 + DMC ternary blend showed a maximum decrease in CO and HC emissions by 29.9% and 21.4%, respectively, collated to B30. B30 + CNT ternary blend showed a maximum reduction of 3.92% in NOx emissions compared to B30.
The influence of hydrogen enrichment on the dieselengine fueled with diesel and palm biodiesel blend (P20) is investigated in this study. The hydrogen is injected into the intake manifold at ...different flow rates of 7 lpm and 10 lpm for each loading condition of 30%, 60%, 80%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. Hydrogen enrichment improves the BTE and BSEC due to its high calorific value and decreases emissions like HC, CO, and CO2 due to its carbon-free structure. However, due to a rise in EGT, NOx emission has increased. With the addition of hydrogen, combustion properties such as in-cylinder pressure (ICP), heat release rate (HRR), and ignition delay (ID) improve while the combustion duration (CD) drops. Compared to P20 fuel,P20 + 10H2 has a 28% increase in BTE and a 20% decrease in BSEC at 90% load. Similarly, HC, CO, and CO2 emissions decrease by 16%, 35%, and 12%, while NOx emission increases by 13% compared to P20. At full load, P20 + 10H2increasesin-cylinder pressureand heat release ratebyupto 1–5%, while CD decreases by 12.5% compared to the P20 blend.
•Locally available Palm oil is used to produce biodiesel.•Hydrogen is introduced at the rate of 7 lpm and 10 lpm with both diesel and biodiesel.•Hydrogen enrichment improves BTE and BSEC by 28% and 20%, respectively.•Higher peak pressure and HRR is obtained with the induction of hydrogen.•Decrease in CO, HC, and increase in NOx emissions by 35%, 16%, and 13% are observed.
The fact that fossil fuels, which supply a large amount of the energy need, are limited in the world and can be only found in certain regions, have led humankind to seek alternatives. In addition, ...the use of fossil fuels generates wastes detrimental to humans and nature, which has led this search to alternative, clean and renewable energy sources. The use of hydrogen, which is a clean energy source, in internal combustion engines is very important in terms of reducing emission values as well as providing an alternative to petroleum-derived fuels. This study presents a literature review on the effect of the hydrogen ratio and combustion chamber geometry on the engine performance and emissions in a compression-ignition engine operating in the hydrogen diesel bi-fuel mode. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the hydrogen energy ratio should be between 5 and 20% and the combustion chamber should be designed by considering the combustion characteristics. The main purpose of the study is to highlight the functionality of the use of hydrogen in dual fuel mode in compression ignition engines and to be a resource for researchers who will work on this subject.
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•In hydrogen-diesel dual fuel mode, the hydrogen ratio should be between 5% and 20%.•Hydrogen-diesel dual fuel mode reduces emissions other than NOX emissions.•Combustion chamber to be designed for dual fuel mode must comply with the combustion characteristics of the mixture.•Electronically controlled fuel systems in dual-fuel internal combustion engines affect performance and emissions positively.
This study investigates the use of artificial neural network (ANN) modelling to predict brake power, torque, break specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine modified ...to operate with a combination of both compressed natural gas CNG and diesel fuels. A single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine was modified for the present work and was operated at different engine loads and speeds. The experimental results reveal that the mixtures of CNG and diesel fuel provided better engine performance and improved the emission characteristics compared with the pure diesel fuel. For the ANN modelling, the standard back-propagation algorithm was found to be the optimum choice for training the model. A multi-layer perception network was used for non-linear mapping between the input and output parameters. It was found that the ANN model is able to predict the engine performance and exhaust emissions with a correlation coefficient of 0.9884, 0.9838, 0.95707, and 0.9934 for the engine torque, BSFC, NO
x
and exhaust temperature, respectively.
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•Propanol, n-butanol and 1-pentanol were added diesel–biodiesel blends.•Cold flow properties of the diesel–biodiesel blends were improved by adding higher alcohols.•Engine ...characteristics of higher alcohol blends were reported and compared to diesel–biodiesel blend.•There were different results in terms of HC emissions as a result of higher alcohol addition to diesel–biodiesel.•All higher alcohol blends increased CO emissions, while they reduced NOx emissions as compared to diesel–biodiesel blend.
Higher alcohols are important alternative fuel resources for use in internal combustion engines promising positive economical and environmental outcomes. Moreover, higher alcohols are advantageous over lower alcohols due to their better blending capabilities, hydrophobic properties, higher cetane numbers and calorific value. The aim of this work is to investigate and compare the basic fuel properties of the ternary blends of diesel (D), waste oil methyl ester (biodiesel (B)) and the higher alcohols of propanol (Pro), n-butanol (nB) and 1-pentanol (Pn), and their effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. As test fuels four different blends were prepared by volume: 50%D–50%B (D50B50), 40%D–40%B–20%Pro (D40B40Pro20), 20%nB (D40B40nB20) and 20%Pn (D40B40Pn20). Addition of higher alcohols to diesel–biodiesel blend improved especially the cloud point (CP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP), while slightly decreased density, lower heating value, kinematic viscosity, cetane number and flash point. In order to determine engine performance and exhaust emissions, tests were performed at four engine loads (1, 3, 6, 9kW) with a constant engine speed (1800rpm). Based on the engine performance and exhaust emissions, D40B40Pro20 had higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values than the ternary blends of D40B40nB20 and D40B40Pn20 at all engine loads. The exhaust gas temperatures (EGT) of D40B40Pro20, D40B40nB20 and D40B40Pn20 were higher than that of the diesel–biodiesel blend. All blends of the higher alcohols reduced oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions as 1-pentanol, n-butanol and propanol were the most to least effective alcohols respectively. However, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were increased with the addition of the alcohols to the blends. When the effects of higher alcohols on hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are compared in terms of emission reduction, the order from best to worst was as follows: D40B40Pn20, D40B40nB20.
Ethanol mixed with a primary fuel is a promising alternative fuel. To increase performance, an optimal compression ratio must be set. The compression ratio is the ratio of the maximum volume divided ...by the minimum volume. Ethanol-gasoline mixtures have high octane and can be used in high-compression engines. This research aims to identify how changes in compression ratio can affect various aspects of engine performance, including torque, power, fuel efficiency, and thermal efficiency. This study is expected to reveal new insights that can aid in optimizing engine performance and developing a more comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the E50 fuel within the context of Otto engine usage. A single-cylinder Otto engine was used for testing. Compression ratios of 9.3:1, 10.3:1, and 11.3:1 were tested. The results showed that the compression ratio of 9.3:1 produces a peak torque of 7.17 N∙m, peak power of 3.36 kW, lowest BSFC of 0.275 kg/kWh, and highest BTE of 37.49%. A compression ratio of 10.3:1 produces a peak torque of 7.21 N∙m, peak power of 3.57 N∙m, lowest BSFC of 0.281 kg/kWh, and highest BTE of 39.46%. A compression ratio of 11.3:1 produces a peak torque of 7.73 N∙m, peak power of 3.81 kW, lowest BSFC of 0.275 kg/kWh, and highest BTE of 40.36%. Compared with pertalite, E50 reduces torque by 9.25%, power by 9.93%, BSFC by 3.66%, and BTE by 8.76% at all compression ratios.
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•Pithecellobium Dulce seed is collected from street-side trees to produce biodiesel.•Biodiesel yield is enhanced by using Ni-doped ZnO catalyst compared to KOH catalyst.•Groundnut ...shell nanoparticles are included with biodiesel for engine tests.•Adding nanoparticles to biodiesel improves engine characteristics drastically.•100 ppm of nanoparticles combined with 20 % v/v of biodiesel is the best selection.
The present study dealt with the combined effect of Groundnut shell (GS)-originated nanoparticles and biodiesel derived from Pithecellobium Dulce seed on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. For the fuel-preparation step, GS nanoparticles were pulverized using ball milling, while Pithecellobium Dulce biodiesel was synthesized by using a transesterification process with the support of a Ni-doped ZnO catalyst prepared by the co-precipitation method, resulting in a 5 % higher yield in comparison with using a conventional KOH catalyst. Moreover, both GS and as-prepared biodiesel were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and Thermogravimetric analysis. Relating to the experimental analysis of the engine characteristics, the obtained results disclosed an increase in brake thermal efficiency and a decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption by adding 100 ppm of GS (G100) nanoparticles to the B20 (20 % Pithecellobium Dulce biodiesel/80 % diesel fuel) compared to B20. More importantly, emissions of HC, CO, and smoke decreased for B20 compared to diesel fuel but a further reduction of the above-mentioned emissions was observed for B20/G100. In contrast, CO2 and NOx emissions increased with B20 and B20/G100 in comparison with diesel fuel. Also, the addition of Groundnut shell nanoparticles with biodiesel enhanced the combustion characteristics such as in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate. Indeed, the order of peak in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate was found to be B20/G100 > B20 > diesel fuel, which can be attributed to reasons such as fuel accumulation, ignition delay, and heating value. Finally, this present study showed a viable approach to replace conventional diesel fuel with biodiesel combined with bio-nanoparticles in an eco-friendly manner and sustainability. Further, the present approach could be suitably applied to diesel engines without any modifications.
•Engine load, palm oil ratio and injection advance have been chosen as input parameters.•Proposed RSM and ANN model are capable for mapping engine performance-emission paradigms with high ...accuracy.•RSM was applied to optimize the engine performance and exhaust emissions.•Trade-off study based on RSM technique showed the optimal engine operating condition for biodiesel/diesel blends.
Engine performance and emission characteristics of palm oil-diesel blends tested on single-cylinder diesel engine by several engine loads and injection advances. Exhaust emissions and smoke were recorded using MRU Delta 1600L and MRU Optrans 1600 model gas analyzer, respectively. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), smoke and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were optimized as output factors considering engine load, injection advance and palm oil percentage as input variables using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The developed ANN and RSM models showed superior predictive certainty with big R2 (correlation coefficient) values. The RSM models showed better performance and have higher R2 values than ANN models. The developed RSM model has R2 values over 0.90 while the R2 values of ANN model are between 0.88 and 0.95. The values of mean relative error (MRE) and root mean square error (RMSE) for all the responses were low. Optimum responses were found by 69.11%, 196.25 ppm, 0.126%, 189.764 ppm, 155.49 ℃ and 30.75%, respectively for smoke, NOx, CO, HC, EGT and BTE with optimum operating factors as 17.88% palm oil percentage, 35 °CA injection advance and 780-watt engine load. The applied models gave good results that are beneficial for estimating and optimizing the engine performance and emission characteristics.
Diesel engines are the most commonly used internal-combustion engines. Due to incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, engine performance and emissions output are unsuitable. On the other hand ...Emissions of greenhouse gases using fossil fuels in internal-combustion engines are considered to be the main cause of climate change. Thus to find an alternative fuel to eliminate or reduce CO2 and exhaust emissions is an urgent concern worldwide. Superabundant and readily available, makes hydrogen an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. In this study, a 3-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine is converted into CNG direct-injection engine and then hydrogen as a fuel enrichment added to CNG. AVL Fire™ Software is used to simulate the engine at different engine speeds, injection pressure, and Air/Fuel ratios. The results confirm that adding hydrogen to CNG improves brake thermal efficiency and engine brake power, reduces brake specific fuel consumption as well as the diminution in HC and Soot but also increases the NOx.
•Effect of adding hydrogen to a CNG fuel on performance and exhaust emissions.•Hydrogen addition is beneficial for converting the fuel's chemical energy into power.•Engine performance increased with a higher fraction of 30% in HCNG mixtures in comparison to Pure Diesel and CNG.•NOx emission increased with increase of hydrogen in HCNG but HC, and Soot emissions decreased.
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