As most philosophers regarded money with a certain distrust or even contempt, the question of the nature of money was not addressed from a philosophical perspective until G. Simmel wrote The ...Philosophy of Money (1900). Even 19th-century thinkers clung to the idea of money as a commodity, or, for Marx, as a "mask of value". This idea is rather misleading, as money, in comparison with commodities, always flows in the opposite direction, is not consumed but rather circulates, and can be represented by fewer and fewer material tokens, by fiduciary money, or even by invisible computer bytes. On the other hand, it appears to be a sort of institutionalised mutual trust, the validity of which is attested to daily by the willingness (or unwillingness) of citizens to accept it as payment. Though the monetary economy has a natural tendency to extend itself over as many commodities as possible, money itself must, paradoxically, be strictly excluded from free market competition: its production is monopolised or at least regulated. The same is true for the agents of social control: if to bribe a judge, mayor or police officer were to become an efficient alternative to buying, nobody could be expected to sell. Money seems to be almost a genial social invention, facilitating daily life, the division of labour, and collaboration, and promoting a kind of civic egality. Its only drawback is that its validity depends on the general level of mutual trust among citizens. Thus the views of Socrates and of Adam Smith, both of whom saw money as somehow related to the morals and trustworthiness of a society, may be confirmed, albeit on different bases.
W artykule Ekfraza konotacyjna: Batszeba Rembrandta w ujęciu Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego w centrum uwagi znajduje się problem opisu dzieła sztuki w eseju. Punktem wyjścia do analizy i ...interpretacji deskrypcji artefaktu, tj. Batszeby Rembrandta, jest przybliżenie go z perspektywy historii sztuki. W dalszej części tekst skupia się na werbalnej relacji o obrazie, jaką przynosi esej Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego Rembrandt w miniaturze. Celem jest przedstawienie konkretnej realizacji formy ekfrazy, a także wskazanie na charakterystyczny tryb widzenia dzieła i pisania o nim – tak w warstwie treściowej, jak językowej. Na końcu pojawia się (wraz z uzasadnieniem) propozycja nazwania omawianego przykładu ekfrazą konotacyjną.
The deep differences between modernity and postmodernity are analysed from the viewpoint of a radical transformation in the perception of time. Modernity is associated with mechanical clock and a ...corresponding sense of linearity and continuity of time. The typical character of modern times, the pilgrim, views life as a continuous progress towards otherworldly salvation that has to be purchased at the price of asceticism and hard work in the present life. In contrast, postmodernity has an affinity to the electronic clock which mediates no feeling of continuity, but also the irreversibility of time. Time, and even space and society appear in postmodernity to be composed of isolated points, with none among them able to claim superiority over the others. The typical postmodern characters are the tourist and wanderer who, lost both in time and space, concentrate on obtaining as much amusement as possible. The loss of orientation in postmodern times is illustrated in the example of music videos, in which sound, texts and images are combined in an incidental and haphazard way.
Edwardsiella ictaluri, a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of enteric septicemia in channel catfish, and catfish aquaculture in China suffers heavy economic losses due to ...E. ictaluri infection. Vaccination is an effective control measure for this disease. In this study, an attenuated E. ictaluri strain was acquired through deletion mutation of the T3SS protein eseJei, and the ΔeseJei strain fails to replicate in the epithelioma papillosum of carp cells. The type 1 fimbria plays a pivotal role in the adhesion of E. ictaluri, and it was found in this study that deletion of −245 to −50 nt upstream of fimA increases its adhesion to around five times that of the WT strain. A hyper-adhesive and highly attenuated double mutant (ΔeseJeiΔfimA-245--50 strain) was constructed, and it was used as a vaccine candidate in yellow catfish via bath immersion at a dosage of 1 × 105 CFU/mL. It was found that this vaccine candidate can stimulate protection when challenged with E. ictaluri HSN-1 at 5 × 107 CFU/mL (∼20 × LD50). The survival rate was 83.61% for the vaccinated group and 33.33% for the sham-vaccinated group. The RPS (relative percent of survival) of the vaccination trial reached 75.41%. In conclusion, the ΔeseJeiΔfimA-245--50 strain developed in this study can be used as a vaccine candidate. It excels in terms of ease of delivery (via bath immersion) and is highly efficient in stimulating protection against E. ictaluri infection.
•Deletion of T3SS effector eseJei abolishes replication of E. ictaluri HSN-1 in the Epithelioma papillosum of carp (Cyprinus carpio) cells.•Deletion of −245 to −50 nt upstream of fimA increases its adhesion to around five times that of the wild-type strain.•Double deletion mutant strain ΔeseJeiΔfimA-245--50 is highly attenuated and hyper-adhesive.•The relative percent of survival reached 75.41% when yellow catfish were vaccinated with ΔeseJeiΔfimA-245--50 strain.
Od redaktora naczelnego Andrzej Biłat
Studia semiotyczne,
09/2019, Letnik:
32, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Problematyka rozpraw, które udostępniamy Państwu w niniejszym numerze „Studiów Semiotycznych”, dotyczy takich zagadnień, jak argumentacja, potoczne rozumowania i publiczne debaty. Mieszczą się one w ...obrębie czterech dyscyplin bezpośrednio związanych z profilem „Studiów”: filozofii, językoznawstwa, psychologii oraz nauk o komunikacji społecznej i mediach. Interdyscyplinarny charakter prezentowanych badań jest zgodny z tradycją Czasopisma ukształtowaną przez Jerzego Pelca w latach 1970–2015 i kontynuowaną w ostatnich latach.
The type III secretion system effector EseJ plays a regulatory role inside bacteria. It suppresses the adherence of Edwardsiella piscicida (E. piscicida) to host epithelial cells by down regulating ...type 1 fimbriae. In this study, we observed that more macrophages infected with ΔeseJ strain of E. piscicida detached as compared with those infected with the wild‐type (WT) strain. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labelling (TUNEL) staining and cleaved caspase‐3 examination revealed that the detachment is due to increased apoptosis, suggesting that EseJ suppresses macrophage apoptosis. However, apoptosis inhibition by EseJ is not relative to a type III secretion system (T3SS) and is not related to EseJ's translocation. Since EseJ negatively regulates type 1 fimbriae, murine J774A.1 cells were infected with ΔeseJΔfimA or ΔeseJΔfimH strains. It was demonstrated that ΔeseJ stimulates macrophage apoptosis through type 1 fimbriae. Moreover, we found that infecting J774A.1 cells with the ΔeseJ strain increased levels of cleaved caspase‐8, caspase‐9, and caspase‐3, demonstrating that EseJ inhibits apoptosis through either an extrinsic or a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Pre‐treatment of macrophages with caspase‐8 inhibitor prior to infection with the ΔeseJ strain decreased the levels of cleaved caspase‐8, caspase‐9, and caspase‐3, indicating that the ΔeseJ strain stimulates apoptosis, mainly through an extrinsic pathway by up regulating type 1 fimbriae. Zebrafish larvae or blue gourami fish infected with the ΔeseJ strain consistently exhibited higher apoptosis than those infected with the E. piscicida WT strain or ΔeseJΔfimA strain. Taken together, we revealed that the T3SS protein EseJ of E. piscicida inhibits host apoptosis, mainly through an extrinsic pathway by down regulating type 1 fimbriae.
The type III secretion system (T3SS) of
plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Our previous study indicated that the T3SS effector protein EseJ inhibits the bacterium's adhesion to epithelioma ...papillosum cyprini (EPC) cells, while the mechanism of the inhibition remains elusive. In this study, we revealed that EseJ negatively regulates the
gene, as demonstrated by comparative transcription analysis of Δ
and wild-type (WT) strains. As well, the dramatically increased production of FimA was detected in the absence of EseJ compared to that by the WT strain. The adherence of the Δ
strain decreased far below that of the WT strain in the absence of FimA, demonstrating that FimA plays a pivotal role in the hyperadhesion of the Δ
strain. Adherence analysis with a strain with truncated
demonstrated that the C-terminal region of EseJ (Gly1191 to Ile1359) is necessary to inhibit the transcription of the type 1 fimbrial operon. Binding between the EseJ fragment from amino acid residues 1191 to 1359 and the DNA fragment upstream of
was not detected, indicating that EseJ might indirectly regulate the type 1 fimbrial operon. Our study reveals that EseJ controls
adherence to EPC cells by negatively regulating the type 1 fimbrial operon.
Artykuł został poświęcony filmowym esejom Grzegorza Królikiewicza. Michał Dondzik omówił młodzieńczą fascynację Królikiewicza lekturą Prób Michela de Montaigne’a, jego pierwsze eseje filmowe ...zrealizowane w Wytwórni Filmów Oświatowych w Łodzi, eseje wideo o rektorach łódzkiej szkoły filmowej, a także esej montażowy Kern. Autor zrekonstruował konteksty produkcyjne esejów reżysera oraz drogę, którą musiały one przebyć, by dotrzeć do widzów. Jak pisze w zakończeniu artykułu: Twórczość Grzegorza Królikiewicza zarówno w Polsce Ludowej, jak i po 1989 r. skazana była na wąskie rozpowszechnianie. Dotarcie do filmów reżysera wymagało determinacji i pokonania szeregu trudności, jednak prawdziwym wyzwaniem było obejrzenie jego esejów. Są one nieobecne w przestrzeni polskiej kultury po dziś. Tym bardziej warto przyjrzeć się im z bliska, analizować i polemizować, bo do takiego właśnie osobistego, często emocjonalnego ich odbioru prowokuje Królikiewicz.
Autorka analizuje pochodzący z 1979 r. film Patriotka (Die Patriotin), zrealizowany przez niemieckiego reżysera Alexandra Klugego, jednego z sygnatariuszy manifestu z Oberhausen, bodaj ...najsłynniejszego przedstawiciela tamtego pokolenia. Stworzony częściowo w oparciu o metodę found footage utwór, będący kompilacją formy fabularnej i dokumentalnej, oferuje wgląd w eseistyczną strategię autorską Klugego, zaś w szerszym znaczeniu stanowi przykład odbywających się na gruncie Nowego Kina Niemieckiego poszukiwań form wyrazu zdolnych przerodzić się w wehikuł trudno komunikowalnych treści historycznych, szczególnie w odniesieniu do mrocznej, pełnej imperialnych gestów historii Niemiec. Autorka przyjmuje, że narracja Patriotki jest rozpięta między trzema kontekstami – historią, polityką i liryzmem, stanowiącymi nie tylko punkty odniesienia w procesie interpretacji, ale również przenikające się elementy sensotwórcze.
The article provides an in-depth functional analysis of Czech folk music from the 1960s to the 1980s from the viewpoint of the sociology of religion. In this period folk music played an important ...ideological and socio-political role in Czechoslovakia due to the values it embodied which made it strongly critical of the communist regime. The author attempts to explain that a significant part of these values were of religious (usually Christian, but also Oriental) origin, and they evolved specific symbolic universes which can be understood in terms of syncretism and religious privatisation. Folk music in this sense used to play a role which is normally reserved for organised religions. The cause lay not just in the implicitly religious nature of communism, but also in the (post) modern culture of youth. One important conclusion is that folk singers in the former Czechoslovakia acted as weighty opinion leaders, who gathered the social communities of the unsatisfied of this world around themselves, and gave them an eternal or eschatological hope. During the concerts they created the context of participation through specific values for recipients, so the concerts were seen as real purificational events, with an acquired knowledge of symbolic purity from serving the 'normalisation' regime.
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