As the prevalence of hypertension increases in China, it is advised to use salt-restriction spoons (SRS) as a lifestyle modification. This study aimed to examine the associations between estimated ...salt consumption, SRS usage, and the hypertension status in individuals with poorly controlled hypertension.
Data was collected in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, in 2021 using convenience sampling. The analysis involved ordinal logistic regression and restricted cubic splines to assess the relevant factors.
The study found that 73.34% of the 1215 patients had uncontrolled blood pressure (BP). Urinary excretion was assessed through the utilization of the Kawasaki, INTERSALT, and Tanaka formulas. The outcomes of these three methodologies revealed average daily sodium excretion values of 208.70 (65.65), 154.78 (33.91), and 162.61 (40.87) mmol, respectively. The prevalence of utilizing SRS was found to be 37.78% in this study. Despite the acknowledgment among SRS users of the potential hazards associated with excessive salt consumption, there exists a contradictory pattern of attitudes and behaviors concerning salt reduction. Among individuals with different levels of salt intake (quartiles 1-4, Q1 vs Q4), there was a positive association between limiting salt and hypertension status when controlling for other variables (Kawasaki adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.43-0.79; INTERSALT adjusted OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.41-0.92; Tanaka adjusted OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.45-0.92, p < 0.05). Our research also revealed that using or used SRS was a protective factor for blood BP control (adjusted OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.64-0.99, P < 0.05). The restricted cubic spline plots illustrated a monotonic upward relationship between estimated 24-h urinary Na and BP (P-overall association < 0.05; P-non-linear association > 0.05).
The use of dietary SRS could result in decrease in daily salt intake for BP control in patients with poorly controlled hypertension. To reduce the impact of high BP in China, additional studies are required to create interventions that can enhance the results for patients.
Daily salt intake can be estimated by measuring sodium and creatinine concentrations in spot urine. Excessive salt intake is risk factor for gastric cancer. We examined the correlation between ...estimated salt intake from spot urine and risk of gastric cancer. This study included gastric cancer patients who underwent treatment at our hospital and patients in whom esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed but gastric cancer was not observed. The history of H. pylori infection was known in these patients. Spot urine was collected, and daily salt intake was estimated from urine sodium and urine creatinine. Mean estimated salt intake was significantly higher in 120 gastric cancer patients (9.18 g/day) than in 80 non-gastric cancer patients (8.22 g/day). Multivariate analysis revealed estimated salt intake and H. pylori infection to be independent risk factors for gastric cancer. Among H. pylori-infected patients, salt intake was significantly higher in gastric cancer patients (9.25 g/day) than in non-gastric cancer patients (8.01 g/day). In conclusion, salt intake estimated from spot urine was high in patients with gastric cancer, especially in H. pylori infected patients. Spot urine is a simple examination and it may be applied as a new risk assessment of gastric cancer.
Daily salt intake can be estimated by measuring sodium and creatinine concentrations in spot urine. Excessive salt intake is risk factor for gastric cancer. We examined the correlation between ...estimated salt intake from spot urine and risk of gastric cancer. This study included gastric cancer patients who underwent treatment at our hospital and patients in whom esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed but gastric cancer was not observed. The history of H. pylori infection was known in these patients. Spot urine was collected, and daily salt intake was estimated from urine sodium and urine creatinine. Mean estimated salt intake was significantly higher in 120 gastric cancer patients (9.18 g/day) than in 80 non-gastric cancer patients (8.22 g/day). Multivariate analysis revealed estimated salt intake and H. pylori infection to be independent risk factors for gastric cancer. Among H. pylori-infected patients, salt intake was significantly higher in gastric cancer patients (9.25 g/day) than in non-gastric cancer patients (8.01 g/day). In conclusion, salt intake estimated from spot urine was high in patients with gastric cancer, especially in H. pylori infected patients. Spot urine is a simple examination and it may be applied as a new risk assessment of gastric cancer.
Purpose
There is global consensus on the benefits of reducing excessive salt intake. Indeed, lower salt intake associates with reduced arterial stiffness, a well-established predictor of ...cardiovascular risk, in older populations. Whether high habitual salt intake in healthy normotensive youth may already contribute to increased arterial stiffness is unknown. We, therefore, determined whether estimated salt intake is associated with large artery stiffness in young healthy black and white adults.
Methods
We included 693 black and white adults (51% black; 42% men), aged 20–30 years. Participants were normotensive based on clinic blood pressure, and no previous diagnosed chronic illnesses. We measured carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and determined estimated salt intake based on 24 h urinary sodium excretion.
Results
We found estimated salt consumption of > 5 g/day in 47% of our population, whereas 21% consumed > 10 g/day. In multivariable-adjusted regression analyses a positive association existed between estimated salt intake and cfPWV in the total group (Adj.
R
2
= 0.32; std.
β
= 0.10;
p
= 0.007), and black adults (Adj.
R
2
= 0.37; std.
β
= 0.12;
p
= 0.029). This was independent of age, sex, mean arterial pressure, and other covariates. No association was evident in white individuals (
p
= 0.19).
Conclusion
Excessive salt intake is positively associated with large artery stiffness—independent of blood pressure—in young adults, especially in black individuals. Our results suggest a potential contributory role of salt consumption towards early vascular aging.
Salt restriction is important for the prevention and treatment of hypertension; however, salt consumption is still high in Japan. Improvements in dietary habits, including salt reduction in ...childhood, may contribute to the prevention of hypertension. The aim of the present study was to investigate the salt intake of school-aged children and the relationship between their diet diary and actual salt intake. The subjects comprised 580 schoolchildren (471 elementary school pupils and 109 junior high school pupils) who wanted to evaluate their salt intake in Kuji, a northeast coastal area in Japan. We estimated salt intake using spot urine samples and a formula. Lifestyle was assessed using a questionnaire. We also evaluated the salt intake and the lifestyles of 440 parents. The estimated salt intakes of elementary school pupils, junior high school pupils and their parents were 7.1±1.5, 7.6±1.5 and 8.0±1.7 g per day, respectively. The proportion of lower-grade children who achieved the recommended salt intake was low. In the multivariate analysis, the estimated salt intake of school-aged children correlated with their age, estimated salt intake of their parents and the menu priorities of the household. The estimated salt intake of the parents was associated with female gender, obesity, age and the habitual consumption of bread and noodles. In conclusion, the estimated salt intake of school-aged children positively correlated with the estimated salt intake of their parents, and the proportion of lower-grade children who achieved the recommended salt intake was low. Guidance on salt restriction for children and their parents may reduce the salt intake of school-aged children.
In order to make nutrition advice more acceptable in end-stage renal disease patients on chronic hemodialysis, a questionnaire study concerning the actual daily diet of their families, their ...awereness of salt intake as well as their use of seasoning was conducted. 163 outpatients on hemodialysis served as subjects of this study. It was evident, first, that most patients enjoyed the same daily diet as their families in reducing total intake. Second, when dialysis duration became longer, they demonstrated more skill in reducing their salt intake from their daily diet. On the other hard, fewer patients on longterm hemodialysis were careful about their selection of seasoning. Estimated salt intake calculated from inter-dialysis body weight gain in the 225 anuric patients was approximately 9.8g/day, farexceeding the prescribed level. No positive relationship was found between the amount of salt inkate and dialysis duration. Lastly, the newly-developed salt-restricting soy sauce with low potassium and low phosphorus was evaluated among 33 outpatients and their families for two weeks. The majority of the participants rated it satisfactory. In conclusion, our present study revealed that the dietary instruction of hemodialysis patients has to involve not only the patients but also their families. Seasoning which could be accepted by both patients and their families was used effectively and comfortably in such situations.
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