Autochthonous places are sui generis and unique. But unfortunately, they entice planners and politicians and become their target. This study investigates a more than 2,000 years old settlement, ...Fener-Balat (Istanbul), in terms of topos (its population movements and ethnic structure over the years, physical properties) and chora (feelings, emotions, and aura). It employs multiple research techniques that disclose findings on dimensional and typo-morphological qualities (connectivity, accessibility, legibility, walkability, figure/ground, and other identity properties such as district-edge-nodes-paths-landmarks), historical and cultural palimpsests, which altogether define the uniqueness of the place. The present study claims that the Fener-Balat district is defined as a strong “place” with its “topos,” and “chora,” despite the undesirable physical, social, and ethnic structure changes brought about by time. Thus, it proposes a soft method that includes renovation and restoration of problem buildings on site which is more suitable for the unique protected areas of world civilizations.
The article examines demographic processes in Dagestan during one of the dramatic periods in the history of the country. On the basis of the All-Union Population censuses of 1937, 1939, and special ...literature, the number, sex and age composition, ethnic structure, and demography of the family are characterized. Of particular relevance is the study of the demographic development of such a peculiar region as Dagestan, with its motley ethnic picture. The conclusion is formulated that during the studied period there were fundamental changes in the demographic composition of Dagestanis: natural growth and mechanical growth, the ratio of urban and rural population.
The Republic of Belarus is the only state of the Near Abroad, where, with a reduction in the share of the Russian population, since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been an increase in ...the proportion of citizens who called Russian their native language and actively used it in everyday life. Ukraine, despite the signifcant similarity with the Republic of Belarus in the linguistic structure of the population, is the direct opposite of the latter in the course of linguistic processes. The purpose of the article is to compare the course of ethnolinguistic processes in these two neighboring countries. The study assesses the change in the size of the main ethnic communities and linguistic groups of Ukraine in the period from 2001 to 2021, depending on the scenario of ethnolinguistic dynamics — actually “Ukrainian” and “Belarusian”. The study revealed that in the population of Ukraine the main shifts took place within the groups of bilinguals (or biethnophores) that changed their identity depending on the political situation. Despite Ukraine’s notable successes in “titulating” and linguistic assimilation of the non-Ukrainian population, in the transition to the “Belarusian” version of the national policy, due to the high proportion of bilinguals in the population, these processes can reverse.
The article presents the results of studing the dynamics of some genetic and demographic indicators of the regional populations of the Kherson region (the level of interethnic and homolocal ...mono-ethnic Ukrainian marriages, the endogamy index) during the past 56 years and its influence on the prevalence of congenital malformations and spontaneous miscarriages. The prevalence of congenital malformations in the population correlates with the prevalence of spontaneous miscarriages (r = -0.52±0.12; tr = 2.4 > t05 = 2.12) that indicates the presence of a “screening” selection process that eliminates non-viable genotypes in the embryonic period of ontogenesis. The areas in which there has been a significant increase in the share of interethnic marriages over the years of study are characterized by higher mean prevalence rates of congenital malformations (r = 0.50±0.46, tr = 2.3 > t05 = 2.12) and a low frequency of reproductive losses r = -0.27±0.24, tr = 1.13 < t05 = 2.12). In regions where there was a reduction in the number of mono-ethnic marriages (an average of 71.2 to 62.9 %), the prevalence of congenital malformations of newborns and reproductive losses (26.0±4.1 and 41.4±6.5 respectively) exceeded the average regional indicators (21.7±3.9 and 36.3±5.9 ‰). The areas that now represent elementary populations (endogamy index 0.5 and above) and in which the proportion of homo-local mono-ethnic Ukrainian marriages is increasing or relatively constant, are characterized by lower average prevalence rates of congenital malformations of newborns (19.3±3.0, respectively ‰ and 17,7±3,4 ‰) in comparison with the populations in which the share of such marriages decreased significantly with time (28.1±4.4) ‰. The frequency of homolocal Ukrainian marriages correlates with the incidence of congenital malformations (r = -0.37±0.23; tr = 1.59 < t05 = 2.12), although this relationship is not statistically significant. Correlation analysis also showed a weak positive correlation between the current indicators of the level of endogamous monoethnic Ukrainian marriages and the prevalence of spontaneous abortions in populations (r = 0.25 ± 0.24, tr = 1.0 < t05 = 2.12), which indicates possible influence of the genetic drift on the frequency of reproductive losses. The level of endogamy does not significantly affect the prevalence of malformations (r = -0.20±0.24, tr = 0.8 < t05 = 2.12). When analyzing the prevalence and structure of congenital and hereditary pathology, the effect of population-genetic and genetic-demographic factors should be taken into account. Investigation of the intensity and direction of population transformations in time should include studying the influence of the triune aspects of their dynamics: microevolution factors, genetic and demographic changes, epidemiology of hereditary and congenital pathology.
The authors explore the main trends and regional peculiarities of ethnic transformations during the post-Soviet period in the Russian and Estonian borderlands. Special emphasis is placed on the ...dynamics of the share of two dominant ethnic groups – Russians and Estonians. It is argued that the main trend of ethnic transformations is an increase of the share of the dominant ethnic groups in the structure of population. The almost Russian-speaking Ida-Viru county in Estonia is an exception, where together with a small growth in the share of Estonians, there was growth in the number of Russians. The authors analyse the dynamics of smaller Baltic-Finnic nations – Ingrians and Setus (Setos), living in the Russian border area with Estonia.
In addition to human losses, the Second World War caused great damage to the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially to the industry that was exposed to severe destruction and damage. The ...situation was similar in the Bosnian Podrinje, and in the whole of northeastern Bosnia, where many residential buildings were destroyed. The Communist Party was not active in northeastern Bosnia, leaving room for its political and ideological opponents. More or less „Chetnik and Ustasha groups“ were moving around the surrounding forests, attacking the local population, harassing and looting them. The period of peace and stability from 1945 to 1991 enabled, among other things, the strong economic, educational, cultural and demographic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the end of the Second World War, Bosnia and Herzegovina had an area of 51,121 km2. According to the 1948 census, 2,565,277 people lived in the area. There were 1,237,381 males and 1,327,896 females. There were 498,294 households. According to the 1948 census, there were 1,136,116 Serbs (44.29%), 788,384 Bosniaks (30.73%), 614,142 Croats (23.94%), 4,338 Slovenes (0.17%), and 675 Macedonians (0.03%), Montenegrins 3,094 (0.12%), other Slavs 12,947 (0.50%), non-Slavs 5,338 (0.21%) and unknown 193 (0.007%). In 1948, the Bosnian Podrinje consisted of eight districts (counties): Bijeljina, Foča, Goražde, Rogatica, Srebrenica, Višegrad, Vlasenica and Zvornik. At that time, Bratunac was in the Srebrenica County, and Čajniče was in the Goražde County. In this area lived 326,930 inhabitants. There were 123,798 Bosniaks (37.87%), 199,232 Serbs (60.94%), 2,938 Croats (0.90%), 78 Slovenes (0.02%), 41 Macedonians (0.01%), and 194 Montenegrins. 0.06%), other Slavs 144 (0.04%), non-Slavs 194 (0.06%) and unknown 21 (0.006%). In 1948, Bosniaks made up the majority of the population in the counties of Goražde and Zvornik, and Serbs in the counties of Bijeljina, Foča, Rogatica, Srebrenica, Višegrad and Vlasenica. According to the 1991 census, there were 4,377,033 inhabitants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The most numerous people were Bosniaks, of whom there were 1,902,956 or 43.50%. There were 1,366,104 Serbs or 31.21%, 760,852 Croats or 17.38%, 242,682 Yugoslavs or 5.54%, the other 104,439 or 2.38%. According to the 1991 census, there were 412,729 inhabitants in the Bosnian Podrinje area, which is 10,136 or 2.52% more than in 1981. In the ethnic structure of the population, the most numerous were Bosniaks, who numbered 223,955 (54.26%). There were 170,402 Serbs (41.29%), 1,312 Croats (0.32%), 8,451 Yugoslavs (2.05%) and 8,960 others (2.17%). In the period from 1948 to 1991, the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina increased from 2,565,277 to 4,377,033, which is an increase of 1,811,756 persons (70.62%). The number of Bosniaks increased from 788,384 to 1,902,956 persons, which is an increase of 1,114,572 persons (141.37%). Serbs recorded an increase from 1,136,116 to 1,366,104 persons, an increase of 229,988 persons (20.24%), and Croats from 614,142 to 760,852 persons, an increase of 146,710 persons (23.89%). The number of others increased from 26,585 to 347,121 people, which is an increase of 320,536 people (1205.70%). In 1948, Bosniaks made up 30.73% of the total population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs 44.29%, Croats 23.94% and Others 1.04%. In 1991, Bosniaks accounted for 43.50%, Serbs 31.21%, Croats 17.38% and Others 7.93% of the total population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the area of the Bosnian Podrinje, the number of inhabitants, in the period 1948-1991. year, increased from 326,930 to 412,729, which is an increase of 85,799 people (26.24%). Bosniaks had an increase from 123,798 to 223,965 persons, which is an increase of 100,167 persons (80.90%). Serbs recorded a decrease from 199,322 to 170,402 persons, which is a decrease of 29,396 persons (14.51%), and Croats from 2,938 to 1,312 persons, which is a decrease of 1,626 persons (55.66%). The number of Others increased from 672 to 17,411 persons, which is an increase of 16,739 persons (2490.92%). In 1948, Bosniaks made up 37.87% of the total population of the Bosnian Podrinje, Serbs 60.94%, Croats 0.90% and Others 0.21%. In 1991, Bosniaks made up 54.26%, Serbs 41.29%, Croats 0.32% and Others 0.40% of the total population of the Bosnian Podrinje. During the socialist period, the number of Bosniaks in the total population of the Bosnian Podrinje continuously increased due to stable natural growth, peace, developed economy, health and the fact that a significant number of Bosniaks „hid“ in Yugoslavs and other groups. At the same time, the number of Serbs and Croats in the total population of this area was decreasing. This was, first of all, due to the departure of Serbs and Croats to neighboring Serbia, ie Croatia for employment or education.
Since the first half of the nineteenth century, various census data have been collected regarding the ethnic characteristics of the Serbian population, although the data are incomplete and collected ...irregularly. The ten censuses conducted in the Principality of Serbia between 1833 and 1874 have immense archival value, but their usefulness for ethno-demographic studies is limited. Similarly, while the statistics collected in the censuses of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1874 to 1910 are somewhat more reliable than the previous ones, they suffer from the absence of a direct question on ethnicity.
To determine the ethnic structure of the population during this time period, a researcher had to rely on an indirect approach through the identification of ethnic groups based on their linguistic affiliation. However, it is important to note that this method only provides an approximate estimation of ethnic composition. Despite this limitation, available census data can still provide valuable insights into the ethnic composition of the population of the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia, with the number and share of the Vlach population as the most numerous ethnic minority taking centre stage. This means that any data analyses must begin with the understanding that the indicators can only be presented for the Romanian-speaking population.
If we accept the indirect approach to determining population ethnicity, we can deduce from the data that the number of Vlachs in Eastern Serbia increased up to 1895, and their percentage share increased up to 1884. It is noteworthy that the dynamics of the number of Vlachs until 1895 were relatively stable, implying that the increase was practically linear and consistent with the growth tendency of Serbia’s overall population at the time.
Within the framework of demographic analysis, data on declared Vlachs in almost all censuses since the post-war census cannot be used to derive explainable demographic indicators. Therefore, it is reasonable to suspect that such data would also be of limited use in other academic fields, particularly in law, politics, and public life in general. This highlights the importance of paying closer attention to earlier ethno-statistic records, especially the first statistical aberration reported in the last decade of the nineteenth century.
The area of the municipality of Negotin, which belonged to the historically important area of Krajina, represented the polygon of intersection of migration flows of different intensity and ...directions. Studying the origins of the population enables us to understand the currently ethnic division of settlements created by the migrations and ethnic processes that influence the settlements which are the subject of this paper. This article aims to describe the migration flows that determined the origin of the population of the municipality of Negotin and the ethnic distribution of settlements. The results of anthropogeographic surveys conducted during the second and third decades of the 20th century, as well as ethnological research from the second half of the 20th century, can rightly be interpreted as supporting the claim that the origin of the population and the ethnic structure of settlements of the municipality of Negotin are largely the result of historical migration trends. Of the greatest importance for the ethnic distribution of population are its two migration flows. The first and the oldest migration flow from Kosovo and Metohija and stage areas for that migrant lineages (families who have a mutual ancestor) and the second and the most numerous migration flow is from Wallachia, in which the participating lineages of Serbian and Vlach origin which created conditions for further deepening of the differences between Serbian and Vlach settlements.
The presented article addresses the history of the Second Polish Republic’s political relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1939-1943. The study aims to characterize the mass ...deportations and the distribution of Polish citizens in the territory of the Soviet Union, with emphasis on the population of the Mosaic faith. The statistical method was used to analyze and assess the fundamental issues related to the exploration of the Jewish population against the background of the national structure of Poland in the years 1918-1939, mass deportations of the people of the Eastern Borderlands by the Soviet authorities in 1940-1941, and the areas of the Soviet state where people from the occupied territories of the Second Polish Republic were deployed. The substantive considerations also indicated that mass deportation actions and everyday life on “inhuman land” reached not only Poles but also Polish citizens of the Mosaic faith.
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