Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment landscape for oncology, leading to durable remissions in a subset of patients, but also a broad range of potentially ...life-threatening inflammatory toxicities, many of which involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and liver. The purpose of this expert review was to update gastroenterologists on the gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities of ICIs and provide best practice advice on their diagnosis and management.
The evidence reviewed in this work combines the expert clinical opinion of the authors with a comprehensive search of several English-language databases and a manual review of relevant publications.
Quantifying temporal variation in sex-specific selection on key ecologically relevant traits, and quantifying how such variation arises through synergistic or opposing components of survival and ...reproductive selection, is central to understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics, but rarely achieved. Seasonal migration versus residence is one key trait that directly shapes spatio-seasonal population dynamics in spatially and temporally varying environments, but temporal dynamics of sex-specific selection have not been fully quantified. We fitted multi-event capture-recapture models to year-round ring resightings and breeding success data from partially migratory European shags (
) to quantify temporal variation in annual sex-specific selection on seasonal migration versus residence arising through adult survival, reproduction and the combination of both (i.e. annual fitness). We demonstrate episodes of strong and strongly fluctuating selection through annual fitness that were broadly synchronized across females and males. These overall fluctuations arose because strong reproductive selection against migration in several years contrasted with strong survival selection against residence in years with extreme climatic events. These results indicate how substantial phenotypic and genetic variation in migration versus residence could be maintained, and highlight that biologically important fluctuations in selection may not be detected unless both survival selection and reproductive selection are appropriately quantified and combined.
In this article, we use an event study approach to empirically study the market performance and response trends of Chinese industries to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study found that transportation, ...mining, electricity & heating, and environment industries have been adversely impacted by the pandemic. However, manufacturing, information technology, education and health-care industries have been resilient to the pandemic.
Previous event‐related potential (ERP) studies reported larger N170, P3, and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes to sexual than nonsexual stimuli. These ERPs may not be specifically sensitive to ...processing sexual cues, however, because the sexual stimuli included information beyond sexual cues (e.g., faces, bodies, social interaction) to a greater extent than comparison stimuli. We investigated ERPs to stimuli that focused on sexual and nonsexual body regions, in different states of readiness for activity, to elucidate neural responses involved in processing sexual cues. Forty cisgender, primarily white, undergraduate women who were attracted to men (Mage = 18.6, SD = 0.9) viewed images that varied by male body part (penis, arm) and activity state (rest, poised for activity). Participants viewed 40 images per category (flaccid penises, erect penises, outstretched arms, bent arms). Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded using a 128‐channel net, time‐locked to the onset of each image. Using a whole‐head cluster‐mass approach, we found that the P3 was sensitive to sexual readiness—P3 amplitudes were larger to erect than flaccid penises, but not to bent than outstretched arms. The N170 and LPP components did not show evidence of similarly specific responses to sexual readiness, revealing potential dissociation of different neural processes commonly elicited in response to more complex sexual stimuli. An additional novel finding was that an anterior N270‐400 was sensitive to sexual readiness. Findings clarify the brain's rapid responses to sexual stimuli, setting the stage for future research aimed at better understanding the neurocognitive processes that contribute to the coordination of sexual arousal.
This study was the first to examine ERPs to constrained stimuli that specifically varied in a salient sexual cue—readiness for sexual activity. We tested whether previously identified ERPs were integrally involved in sexual processing among young women, and our whole‐head analysis revealed a novel ERP that was sensitive to sexual cues. Results provide insight into the brain's rapid detection of sexual cues and the fundamental neurocognitive processes involved in sexual response.
Accurate event identification is an essential part of situation awareness ability for power system operators. Therefore, this work proposes an integrated event identification algorithm for power ...systems. First, to obtain and filter suitable inputs for event identification, an event detection trigger based on the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) is presented. Then, the wave arrival time difference-based triangulation method considering the anisotropy of wave propagation speed is utilized to estimate the location of the detected event. Next, the two-dimensional orthogonal locality preserving projection (2D-OLPP)-based method, which is suitable for multiple types of measured data, is employed to achieve higher effectiveness in extracting the event features compared with traditional one-dimensional projection and principle component analysis (PCA). Finally, the random undersampling boosted (RUSBoosted) trees-based classifier, which can mitigate the data sample imbalance issue, is utilized to identify the type of the detected event. The proposed approach is demonstrated using the actual measurement data of U.S. power systems from FNET/GridEye. Comparison results show that the proposed event identification algorithm can achieve better performance than existing approaches.
Previous research suggests that shared social identification and expected support from others can reduce the extent to which attendees of mass events perceive that others pose health risks. This ...study evaluated the social identity processes associated with perceived risk at UK pilot sporting events held during COVID‐19, including the government Events Research Programme. An online survey (N = 2029) measured attendee perceptions that other spectators adhered to safety measures, shared social identity with other attendees, expectations that others would provide support, and the perceived risk of germ spread from other attendees. Results indicate that for football attendees, seeing others adhering to COVID‐19 safety measures was associated with lower perceived risk and this was partially mediated via increased shared social identity and expected support. However, the sequential mediations were non‐significant for rugby and horse racing events. The decreased perceived risk for football and rugby attendees highlights the importance of understanding social identity processes at mass events to increase safety. The non‐significant associations between shared social identity and perceived risk and between expected support and perceived risk for both the rugby and the horse racing highlights the need to further research risk perceptions across a range of mass event contexts.
This paper tests the superimposed negative market reaction of listed companies with high-level share pledging by controlling shareholders to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and finds ...that it is alleviated in the pharmaceutical industry and when the share pledge funds are obtained from a brokerage firm or flow back to the listed companies. Furthermore, a low-quality information environment exacerbates the negative reaction, while high-level research and development (R&D) investment and free cash flow alleviate it. A possible mechanism underlying the results is that the "gray rhino" erodes the company's operating efficiency. This paper provides timely and direct evidence regarding the capital market's response to COVID-19.
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems are mainly divided into three major paradigms: motor imagery (MI), event-related potential (ERP), and steady-state visually ...evoked potential (SSVEP). Here, we present a BCI dataset that includes the three major BCI paradigms with a large number of subjects over multiple sessions. In addition, information about the psychological and physiological conditions of BCI users was obtained using a questionnaire, and task-unrelated parameters such as resting state, artifacts, and electromyography of both arms were also recorded. We evaluated the decoding accuracies for the individual paradigms and determined performance variations across both subjects and sessions. Furthermore, we looked for more general, severe cases of BCI illiteracy than have been previously reported in the literature.
Average decoding accuracies across all subjects and sessions were 71.1% (± 0.15), 96.7% (± 0.05), and 95.1% (± 0.09), and rates of BCI illiteracy were 53.7%, 11.1%, and 10.2% for MI, ERP, and SSVEP, respectively. Compared to the ERP and SSVEP paradigms, the MI paradigm exhibited large performance variations between both subjects and sessions. Furthermore, we found that 27.8% (15 out of 54) of users were universally BCI literate, i.e., they were able to proficiently perform all three paradigms. Interestingly, we found no universally illiterate BCI user, i.e., all participants were able to control at least one type of BCI system.
Our EEG dataset can be utilized for a wide range of BCI-related research questions. All methods for the data analysis in this study are supported with fully open-source scripts that can aid in every step of BCI technology. Furthermore, our results support previous but disjointed findings on the phenomenon of BCI illiteracy.
This paper is focused on the adaptive event-based interval type-2 (IT-2) fuzzy security control problem for networked control systems with multiple network attacks. In order to save the network ...resources, this paper proposes an improved adaptive event-triggered model, which can adjust the threshold dynamically according to the change of current signal and previous triggering signal. In addition, due to the change of external environment, the impact of randomly occurring output bias is considered in the systems. Taking the effects of multiple network attacks and adaptive event-triggered scheme into consideration, a class of augmented error fuzzy system model is established. Next, some sufficient conditions are obtained for the stochastic stability with an <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">H_{\infty }</tex-math></inline-formula> performance index via the Lyapunov stability analysis method. The corresponding paraments of the IT-2 fuzzy controllers and observers are also derived by some linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, two simulation examples are given to support the advantages of the proposed method.
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