Fiscal Risk in the Activity of a Company Mircea-Iosif Rus
"Ovidius" University Annals. Economic Sciences Series (Online),
02/2024, Letnik:
XXIII, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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Fiscal risk can arise in countries where the government applies a tax system that has only one purpose, to bring revenue to the budget. If a country wants to attract investors from other countries, ...it must apply a proper tax system, without high taxes, because those investors will be tempted to migrate to other countries with a more permissive tax system, perhaps even to those countries considered tax havens. In addition to all this, an important role in implementing a tax risk-free tax system is also globalisation. Nor should we forget inflation, which can occur and lead to a high tax risk, which can result in an erosion of the income of enterprises and a decrease in profitability. The objective of the paper is to highlight the tax risk to which an enterprise is subject in various situations (inflation, globalisation) and their effects.
Over the years, ensuring the necessary resources to meet the performance standards imposed by international organizations to which Romania belongs, namely NATO, has held a very important place among ...the main objectives and activities of the state. The extensive process of transformation and continuous adaptation undergone by various bodies and structures of the country has led to a harmonization of resources, with studies conducted on the unfolding phenomena and measures implemented to adapt to the requirements of today's society regarding their management. The objective of this study is to outline a general overview of how NATO investment projects are carried out in Romania through public institutions under the Ministry of National Defense, using financial and accounting information, in compliance with national and international legislation, to ensure the continuous fulfillment of objectives and standards set by the North Atlantic Alliance.
It is widely evident that cost of living among university students are increasing over time. That said, little is understood about factorsassociated with general expenses among students in Malaysian ...universities. The present study uses primary survey data (n = 454)to examine the correlates of the total amount of money spent by students in a month. An ordered regression model was used to shedlight on factors contributing to different magnitudes of expenses. The explanatory variables consisted of demographic factors, financial knowledge, parental income, peer influence, and personality trait of conscientiousness. Findings from the present study showed that a large proportion of students spent between Ringgit Malaysia (RM) 201 and RM400 per month. Young, male students tended to spend more than older, female students. Expenditure was higher among Chinese students than Malays. Educational levels and income were found to correspond to spending. Having good financial knowledge was associated with reduced expenditure. Students who were influenced by their peers were likely to indulge in high spending compared to those who were not. These findings have important implications for strategic planning and to assist policymakers, parents, and university authorities in formulating better intervention measures aimed at improving students’ spending behaviour, thereby lowering cost of living.
Background: The expenses that the patient or the family pays directly to the health care provider, without a third-party (insurer or State) is known as 'Out of Pocket Expenditure' (OOPE). These ...expenses could be medical and non-medical. About 150 million people face financial catastrophe every year due to health care payments and cancer is one of the leading causes of high OOPE.
Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the OOPE among cancer patients and to determine the OOPE in relation to type of cancer and treatment modality.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Hyderabad during August and September,2022 with a total study population of 400 cancer patients. After consenting the participants, data was collected via face-to-face interview using a semi structured questionnaire.
Results: The mean OOPE per patient was found to be $1032.65 (₹84,643.20). This includes the medical and non-medical costs. Leukaemia was found to have the highest OOPE amongst all cancers followed by colon cancer. Similarly, radiotherapy + surgery was found to have the highest OOPE followed by chemotherapy + radiotherapy + surgery.
Conclusion And Interpretation- This study is unique in its way that no other study has considered OOPE for different cancers in single research. We would like to highlight the quantification of OOPE among various types of cancers and its variation based on treatment modality used. It is necessary that future government initiatives consider the importance of mitigating the OOPE along with provision of cancer care.
Pushing the internal or external dimensions of metallic alloys down to the nanometer scale gives rise to strong materials, though most often at the expense of a low ductility and a low resistance to ...cracking, with negative impact on the transfer to engineering applications. These characteristics are observed, with some exceptions, in bulk ultra-fine grained and nanocrystalline metals, nano-twinned metals, thin metallic coatings on substrates and freestanding thin metallic films and nanowires. This overview encompasses all these systems to reveal commonalities in the origins of the lack of ductility and fracture resistance, in factors governing fatigue resistance, and in ways to improve properties. After surveying the various processing methods and key deformation mechanisms, we systematically address the current state of the art in terms of plastic localization, damage, static and fatigue cracking, for three classes of systems: (1) bulk ultra-fine grained and nanocrystalline metals, (2) thin metallic films on substrates, and (3) 1D and 2D freestanding micro and nanoscale systems. In doing so, we aim to favour cross-fertilization between progress made in the fields of mechanics of thin films, nanomechanics, fundamental researches in bulk nanocrystalline metals and metallurgy to impart enhanced resistance to fracture and fatigue in high-strength nanostructured systems. This involves exploiting intrinsic mechanisms, e.g. to enhance hardening and rate-sensitivity so as to delay necking, or improve grain-boundary cohesion to resist intergranular cracks or voids. Extrinsic methods can also be utilized such as by hybridizing the metal with another material to delocalize the deformation - as practiced in stretchable electronics. Fatigue crack initiation is in principle improved by a fine structure, but at the expense of larger fatigue crack growth rates. Extrinsic toughening through hybridization allows arresting or bridging cracks. The content and discussions are based on experimental, theoretical and simulation results from the recent literature, and focus is laid on linking microstructure and physical mechanisms to the overall mechanical behavior.
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The PURPOSE of the present development is to analyze and evaluate costs by branch in agriculture and to propose approaches for their minimization in order to increase the financial results in the ...sector. On the basis of available statistical information and applied theoretical statements, a METHOD was chosen for the analysis of the return on costs related to the level and dynamics of cost-type profitability. The RESULTS of the analysis make it possible to determine the most efficient production on the basis of an optimal "profit-cost" ratio, with a focus on minimizing costs in the separate areas in agriculture. The CONCLUSION is related to finding a cause-and-effect relationship between the components of cost profitability, which is the basis for specific recommendations and opportunities to increase its level. In this regard, profit is considered as the main, but not the only factor for the growth of profitability in the agriculture.
Recent evolutions in the prices of energy resources and consumer goods have caused major pressures on household incomes. Thus, the share of expenses for food products and the payment of bills for ...consumed energy resources constitute more than half of the families’ budget in the Republic of Moldova. The real expenses for the mentioned goods and services would have been substantially higher if the state institutions had not intervened in the support of the population by: capping the commercial addition to socially important products, establishing reduced rates of Value Added Tax, granting compensations when paying invoices for the use natural gas, electric and thermal energy. Through this policy, the state aims to minimize the impact of inflation on real incomes and, respectively, on the purchasing power and the level of well-being of the population.
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has established a database that accumulates medical information obtained from the exclusive medical certificates provided by physicians for applying for ...medical expense subsidies for children with chronic diseases. These data are available for secondary use, including disease research.The large database covers 788 diseases, including almost all chronic pediatric diseases and many rare diseases. Its unique design allows the estimation of the same cases by probabilistic record linkage within the database, enabling its use as longitudinal data.From October 2023, it will be possible to assign new anonymized personal identification information (ID5) based on the historical hash value of the individual unit-insured person number.Linkage with other national databases, such as the National Database of Designated Incurable Diseases and health insurance claims data, which have the same mechanism, is expected. Access to chronic pediatric disease data can surely enable further research on such diseases.
•A green productivity index is proposed by an improved DEA calculation method.•A three-stage DEA model is used to evaluate the energy-saving regulations.•From the energy saving perspective, China’s ...policies and measures are effective.•The environmental performance plays a decisive role in green productivity growth.
This study introduces an improved Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index to measure the green productivity growth of China’s manufacturing sector during the 11th Five-Year Period (2006–2010). A three-stage data envelopment analysis model is adopted to measure the effects of government measures on green productivity growth. The main results are: (i) the average value of the Malmquist productivity index is 1.045 and the average value of the Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index accounting for CO2 emissions is 1.027. This indicates imply that the relatively higher values of the former are at the expense of substantial energy usage and CO2 emissions; (ii) China’s energy-saving policies and measures, such as mass promotion and adoption of energy-saving technology, closure and elimination of obsolete production capacity, and reduction of over-capacity are important for green development; (iii) after eliminating the effects of environmental influences and statistical noise on output slacks, the adjusted green productivity changes are smaller while the adjusted technical changes are larger than the corresponding initial levels; (iv) the energy conservation policies implemented in China’s manufacturing sector are far from the optimal level, and more stringent enforcement would be conducive for green productivity growth in the manufacturing sector.
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