Due to the rapid industrial growth in the BRICS nations, export earnings and energy demand witnessed an upturn in the preceding years. Therefore, by considering export diversification, extensive ...export margin, and intensive export margin as the determinants of renewable energy, the present study intended to explore whether total, horizontal, and vertical growth in exports stimulated the demand for renewable energy in the BRICS nations for the period of 1990–2018. In doing so, technological innovation, income inequality, and capital formation are carried as controlled variables. The elasticity coefficients revealed that export diversification, traditional exports, technological innovation, and capitalization contributed to escalating the usage of cleaner energy solutions, whereas the exports of new products and income inequality had a negative impact on the demand for renewable energy. The computed results signify the need for advanced and renewable energy-based production processes and just distribution of income in the society so that at industrial and household levels, cleaner, energy-efficient, and environment-friendly procedures can be followed. For securing the constructive contribution of various stakeholders, the study proposed a multipronged policy framework, which may help to culminate a synergy between economic and environmental channels.
Notes: Inc. sig., Inc. insig., and Dec. sig. show significant increase, insignificant increase, and significant decrease in renewable energy consumption, respectively. Display omitted
•Export product diversification increases renewable energy consumption.•Intensive export margin intensifies the demand for cleaner energy solutions.•Extensive export margin leads to a decrease in cleaner energy usage.•Technological innovation stimulates the usage of cleaner energy solutions.
This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its ...collapse in 2014. Richard Pomfret examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe.
The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. Pomfret considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of United Nations sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.
Drawback is a special custom regime that allows the exemption, suspension or refunds the payment of taxes on the import of inputs (raw material) used in the production of goods for export. This study ...aims to analyze the use of the Drawback in logistics operations of exporting companies from Santa Catarina State, in southern Brazil. This is a descriptive study with literature review and field research (fieldwork). There was a direct contact between researchers and the international commerce professionals from the companies who use or have used the Drawback, in order to obtain primary data. The target population was defined by producing exporters of Southern Santa Catarina, represented by 44 companies participating in the survey, and only 13 are users of the Customs Drawback scheme. The companies who have used the Drawback are medium and large. They are consolidated in the international market and the majority belongs to the chemical and ceramic sectors. It was observed that despite a good ally of the user companies in increasing sales and creating new products for the international market, some companies (or departments) do not consider the Drawback as a success factor in their exports. In view of these considerations, it is suggested that the companies that do not use Drawback, could search for information about its benefits and how the system works. Moreover, for those companies that are not effectively inserted yet in foreign trade, it can be a tool for the increase of their imports or exports activities.
The purpose of this paper is to assess Madagascar's competitiveness in recent years, using both price and nonprice indicators and an exchange rate assessment of the currency. We estimate the distance ...between the equilibrium and the actual real exchange rates using three methods: the macroeconomic balance approach, the external sustainability approach, and the reduced-form equilibrium real exchange rate approach. These methods suggest that in the medium term the real exchange rate is only slightly overvalued. We also carry out a comparative analysis of nonprice indicators and find that Madagascar performs less favorably than its competitors on structural competitiveness.
The impact of the 2018–2019 trade war on total US exports depends on the direct effect of foreign retaliatory tariffs as well as on the ability of US exporters to reorganize global supply chains and ...redirect exports to other markets, away from retaliating countries. We document that the sharp decline in US exports to retaliating countries was compensated by a gradual increase in exports to other markets. We then develop a model of export reallocation to study the role of financial constraints and the persistence or stickiness of trade relationships as underlying mechanisms shaping both the direct impact of retaliatory tariffs and the extent of the reallocation toward alternative markets. In line with the predictions of the model, we find that in industries with high leverage, Chinese retaliatory tariffs led to a stronger decline in US exports to China but a larger increase in exports to the rest of the world. We find a similar pattern among industries with less persistent trade relationships. Finally, we document that other potential mechanisms do not appear to be economically and/or statistically significant in shaping the response to tariffs.
Production and export diversification expose firms to domestic and international competition, which enhances productivity and ultimately drives a country?s structural transformation from agriculture ...to industry to services. This structural transformation is accompanied by a spatial transformation seen in the increasing role of leading cities and their hinterlands in production and trade. As Central Asian countries cope with the effects of the global crisis, there is a need to think strategically about how to strengthen their export competitiveness in the medium- to long-term. This is particularly challenging for these countries that have small domestic markets and are landlocked and relatively remote from large markets; they suffer from low domestic economic density, long distances to markets, and significant economic divisions between trading partners and major markets.The report recommends that Central Asian countries build their export-diversification policies on three spatial levels, corresponding with the framework from the 2009 World Bank World Development Report: urban (leading city), area (city-hinterland), and regional (integration with regional markets). It recommends focusing on the two leading cities ? Almaty and Astana in Kazakhstan, Bishkek and Osh in the Kyrgyz Republic, and Dushanbe and Khujand in Tajikistan ? connecting these leading cities with their agricultural hinterland to unleash the potential of the region?s agriculture-related activities, and improving the connections between the six leading cities and major regional markets, such as China, India, Russia, and Turkey, along a north-south road corridor. Policymakers in these countries must take actions along the above three dimensions, and in parallel, to obtain results.
•This article analyses the effect of the WTO membership on commercial services exports (CSE) for 25 article XII members over the period 2005–2019.•WTO article XII members are countries that joined ...the WTO under article XII of the marrakesh agreement establishing the WTO.•The analysis has used the two-stage probit least squares estimator and the two-step system generalized method of moments estimators.•Results have revealed that the WTO membership led to higher CSE and promoted services export diversification in article XII members.•There are heterogenous effects of the WTO membership on CSE performance among article XII members relatively to non-article XII WTO Members.
The literature on the trade effects of the membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) has essentially focused on trade in goods, including goods exports. The present analysis has investigated the effect of the WTO membership on commercial services exports for 25 Article XII Members (i.e., countries that joined the WTO under Article XII of the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the WTO) over the period from 2005 to 2019. Results, based on the two-stage probit least squares estimator have revealed that the WTO membership increased significantly commercial services exports, including both modern and traditional services exports in Article XII members, and promoted services export diversification. Using the two-step system generalized method of moments estimator, the analysis has shown heterogenous effects of the membership in the WTO on commercial services export performance among Article XII Members relatively to Non-Article XII WTO Members.
