Using Chinese Customs data for the 2007–2018 period, we investigate how Chinese exporters respond to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Based on a difference‐in‐differences identification strategy, ...we find that the BRI causes a substantial increase in China's total exports to BRI countries at the HS‐8 digit product level, and this export‐promoting effect is due to a significant increase in export quantity. We also find that exports increase more to countries along the Maritime Silk Road than those along the Land Silk Road. Moreover, the BRI contributes to optimising the export structure by increasing the proportion of general exports, promoting intermediate exports, improving upstreamness of exports and cutting excess capacity through international market demand. Combined with the existing studies focusing on the impacts on bilateral or global trade, our study helps develop a complete picture of the BRI effects from the perspective of the sponsor country.
Efforts to liberalize world trade are increasingly focusing on strengthening the links between low-income countries' trade policies and their development strategies. However, although greater trade ...openness promises faster growth for poor countries, it also presents risks to those with small and undiversified economies. This pamphlet explores research by Fund staff into the nature and magnitude of these risks and proposes targeted policy solutions to ease adjustments and encourage developing countries to choose fuller participation in the world trading system.
The ratification of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement has laid the platform for the signatory nations to boost their respective economic growth rates, and also raised ...environmental concerns. So far, little is known regarding the roles of export diversification and the composite risk index in the abatement of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions for the RCEP countries. Accordingly, this study investigates the impacts of export diversification and composite risk index on CO
2
emissions for the RCEP countries between 1987 and 2017. The empirical findings indicate that lowering the composite risk index, undertaking a transition to renewable energy, and enhancing environmentally-related technological innovations help reduce CO
2
emissions in the long run. In contrast, export diversification is found to monotonically boost CO
2
emission levels. The findings also authenticate the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis to certify that the economic growth of the RCEP nations will be both an initial contributor and ultimate inhibitor of CO
2
emissions. In line with these findings, it is important to lower the country risk profiles of the RCEP nations, restructure the export diversification schemes, ensure technological advancement and expedite economic growth in an environmentally-friendly manner.
•The relationships between strategic commitment to environmental issues, product and process innovation, and export intensity are examined.•A sample of 409 Polish family firms is used.•Strategic ...commitment to environmental issues and process innovation are positively related.•Process innovation and export intensity are positively related.•Quality certifications strengthen the relationship between strategic commitment to environmental issues and product innovation.
Recognizing the extent of inconclusive findings in the environmental commitment – export performance nexus, this study examines this link in order to reduce theoretical ambiguity. The paper focuses on family firms in Poland and assesses the distinct rate of export intensity resulting from strategic commitment to environmental issues, through product innovation and process innovation. Analyzing a sample of 409 firms sourced from the World Bank Enterprise Survey database, the results indicate that strategic commitment to environmental issues encourages process innovation but not product innovation. In turn, process innovation increases export intensity while product innovation does not. It is also found that quality certifications interact with the relationship between strategic commitment to environmental issues and product innovation. These findings pose important theoretical implications and offer insights to stakeholders particularly interested in the sustainable practices of family firms.
En el presente trabajo se exponen los resultados de los trabajos bioarqueológicos realizados entre 2006 y 2012 en 8 sitios arqueológicos ubicados en la costa sur de la Laguna Mar Chiquita, noreste de ...Córdoba, Argentina. La intervención en dichos sitios se produjo en el marco de un programa de arqueología pública, solicitada por museos públicos y vecinos de la región. En total, se identificaron restos óseos de 11 individuos adultos. Se presenta la descripción arqueológica de los sitios, la caracterización bioarqueológica y las paleopatologías identificadas en los restos, así como las prácticas mortuorias. En cuanto a la cronología de los hallazgos, se realizaron 6 fechados radiocarbónicos sobre el material esqueletal, que permiten ubicar a los restos entre 4058 ± 89 y 487 ± 45 años 14CAP.
This thesis studies the shipwrecks in the South China Sea and their recovered artefacts to discuss the ceramic trade between South China and Southeast Asia during the Song dynasty (960-1279). This ...period is of particular interest because it was when Chinese ceramics started to be exported in bulk and make its name around the world. And shipwrecks in the South China Sea are the best materials to uncover the first leg of the long-distance trans-Asian trade route that led from China to the Mediterranean. Although there have been cases studies regarding one or several shipwrecks, thorough research that examines the overall findings of this period and addresses not only the products but also the trade network and the market of the products is somewhat lacking. To this aim, this thesis attempts to address the central questions as to how the trade was conducted and by whom, what are the changes of the exported ceramic types during this period and why, and whether there were vessel forms and decoration made to cater to the need of the Southeast Asian market. In doing so, the thesis provides a broader picture of the ceramic trade during the Song period and manages to extract some information on the human level. First, I argue that in the tenth century, as represented by the Intan and Cirebon shipwreck, the trade of major cargo was organized by a few people or a single authority possibly the state government and headed towards limited destinations. During the later period, as the case studies of the Nanhai No.1 and Quanzhou Bay wreck show, the sea-borne journey was mainly a profit-oriented peddler trade undertaken by individual merchants whose identities were not confined to traders with an official background or abundant assets, but also included those of lower social status such as sailor and small merchants. Secondly, through the systematic comparison between the findings on the wrecks and those from domestic sites, especially kiln sites, the provenance of most ceramic cargo is assigned and the shift of production from Zhejiang to Guangdong and then Fujian province is revealed. The reason behind the first shift, I argue was due to the change of the nature of maritime commerce, from being part of a tributary system to profit-orientated, from state-monopoly to being mainly conducted by private shipping. As for the shift of trade to Fujian province, it was driven by merchants based on the products and regional manufacturing industrial competitiveness. By examining a large number of published materials, it is demonstrated that effort was made to cater to the need of the Southeast Asian market. Nevertheless, the detailed analysis of the recovered ceramics indicates high uniformity among ceramic cargos of contemporaneous shipwrecks despite the differences in the targeted markets. I suggest that the ceramic trade between South China and Southeast Asia during the Song period was mainly dominated by the seller instead of the buyer.
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