•Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is green, economic, rapid and high throughput.•PLE provides recoveries in the same range as, or greater than, other methods.•Pressurized hot-water extraction can ...extract polar and even non-polar analytes.•In-cell clean-up is feasible and advantageous in choosing sorbents properly.•The newest equipment is compatible with strong acids and bases removing in-cell lipids.
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is an automated technique that uses elevated temperature and pressure to achieve exhaustive extraction from solid matrices, so reducing solvent consumption and enhancing sample throughput when compared with traditional procedures. Hence, it can be considered an environment-friendly technique, generating small volumes of waste and reducing costs and time. This review focuses on application of this green technique to the analysis of organic contaminants in food and environmental matrices for monitoring purposes. We examine fundamentals and key aspects of the development of a PLE method, including pressurized hot-water extraction, together with some relevant applications in food and the environment. We pay special attention to methods, including clean-up in one step in the extraction cell or on-line clean-up coupled to the extraction cell. We also compare PLE with other techniques (e.g., Soxhlet, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction).
This work discusses the results of a geological-geochemical study, aimed at determining the origin of blocks of Tufo del Palatino used for the construction of the foundations of the Temple of ...Jupiter. Through the reconstruction of the underground trend and outcrop areas of Tufo del Palatino, extraction sites mentioned by historical sources and recent literature were recognized and sampled, in order to compare their geochemical signature with that of the cut blocks used by Roman builders. The results of this study highlight the origin of the tuff blocks from the outcrop still partially visible today along the south-eastern side of the Capitoline Hill, where the extraction area must have been located.
The impact of the extraction technologies on product yield and analytical profile is relevant. This review is aiming to discuss recent experiences of successes and failures in non-conventional ...extraction scaling-up, to better understand the challenges and designing of existing and new techniques. Understanding the crucial extraction factors at laboratory and pilot scale is of paramount value for the engineering work of scaling-up. Besides, a careful analysis and modelling of heat and mass transfer and energy consumption, the design of industrial extraction plants driven by economic and environmental factors, are well covered in the present review. Current trend strongly favors scaling-up of green approaches that consumes less organic solvent(s), involves minimal operational steps, provides high throughput capability and assures highest yield at lower costs. Current and future challenges in scaling-up extraction of bioactive compounds require a parallel development of suitable analytical methods to monitor the process and ensure high yield and quality.
•Recent advances in extraction scale-up studies with non-conventional techniques.•Enabling technologies and analytical monitoring in industrial green extraction.•Hybrid techniques and continuous processes for extraction industrialisation.•Extraction kinetics and modeling for extraction optimisation.•Technology readiness levels (TRLs) in green extraction scaling-up.
In pesticide residue analysis, relatively low‐sensitivity traditional detectors, such as UV, diode array, electron‐capture, flame photometric, and nitrogen‐phosphorus detectors, have been used ...following classical sample preparation (liquid–liquid extraction and open glass column cleanup); however, the extraction method is laborious, time‐consuming, and requires large volumes of toxic organic solvents. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method was introduced in 2003 and coupled with selective and sensitive mass detectors to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. Compared to traditional detectors, mass spectrometers are still far more expensive and not available in most modestly equipped laboratories, owing to maintenance and cost‐related issues. Even available, traditional detectors are still being used for analysis of residues in agricultural commodities. It is widely known that the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method is incompatible with conventional detectors owing to matrix complexity and low sensitivity. Therefore, modifications using column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction instead of dispersive solid‐phase extraction for cleanup have been applied in most cases to compensate and enable the adaptation of the extraction method to conventional detectors. In gas chromatography, the matrix enhancement effect of some analytes has been observed, which lowers the limit of detection and, therefore, enables gas chromatography to be compatible with the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method. For liquid chromatography with a UV detector, a combination of column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction and dispersive solid‐phase extraction was found to reduce the matrix interference and increase the sensitivity. A suitable double‐layer column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction might be the perfect solution, instead of a time‐consuming combination of column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction and dispersive solid‐phase extraction. Therefore, replacing dispersive solid‐phase extraction with column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction in the cleanup step can make the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method compatible with traditional detectors for more sensitive, effective, and green analysis.
We demonstrate that the solvation effect can be the driving force for ion transfer across the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface. Voltammetric behaviours of facilitated Li super(+) ion transfer by ...the solvents of lithium-based batteries are investigated, which is valuable for the dual-electrolyte Li-air batteries, but also for the ion detection, separation and extraction.
With the growing consumer demands for greener alternatives that do not involve toxic chemicals as well as the industry concerns of sustainable, nontoxic routes of extraction, the applications of ...novel extraction technologies in the food industry have been widely studied. This review discussed the novel extraction technologies including their mechanisms, protocols, influencing factors, advantages and drawbacks, as well as a comprehensive summary of the combination of the novel extraction technologies for phyto-bioactive compounds. Novel extraction methods, including ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), are considered as clean, green and efficient alternative to conventional extraction technologies. Their combinations, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE), microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction (MAEE) and ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), can exhibit higher potential extraction ability. However, some of them need specific equipment. The food industry in the extraction sector should choose a proper extraction method which has a balance between product quality, process efficiency, production costs and environmentally friendly processes. The current review presented comprehensive references for future research on the novel extraction of phyto-bioactive compounds extraction.
Highlights
Novel clean, green and efficient alternative to conventional extraction technologies are discussed.
Combination of the novel extraction technologies for synergistic effects.
Minimal degradation and enhanced extraction yields.
Extraction mechanisms, advantages and drawbacks associated with novel extraction technologies.
Marine algae are a rich source of bioactive compounds. This paper outlines the main bioactive compounds in marine algae and recent advances in novel technologies for extracting them. Novel extraction ...technologies reviewed include enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction. These technologies are reviewed with respect to principles, benefits, and potential applications for marine algal bioactives. Advantages of novel technologies include higher yield, reduced treatment time, and lower cost compared to traditional solvent extraction techniques. Moreover, different combinations of novel techniques used for extraction and technologies suitable for thermolabile compounds are identified. The limitations of and challenges to employing these novel extraction technologies in industry are also highlighted.
Novel methodologies for the improved extraction of bioactive carbohydrates that fulfill the principles of green chemistry have been reviewed in this manuscript. As an alternative to conventional ...water extraction methods, advantages of the use of new green solvents such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have been discussed. Recent applications of advanced techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) have also been revised. Special attention has been paid to those procedures based on the combination of several of these techniques which provide a better performance e.g. ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) or show an improved selectivity e.g. microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (MAATPE), microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction or enzymolysis-ultrasound-assisted extraction (MAEE or EUAE), etc.. Finally, future perspectives regarding the possible application of these new eco-friendly methodologies at industrial scale together with the advances required to that aim are presented.
•Recent advances for the green extraction of bioactive carbohydrates are reviewed.•DES and ILS are shown as green and selective solvents for carbohydrate extraction.•Recent developments and applications of PLE, UAE, MAE, SFE and EAE are discussed.•Combination of advanced techniques provides more selective and efficient extractions.
This paper reviews the phenolic-compound-extraction systems used to analyse fruit and vegetable samples over the last 10 years. Phenolic compounds are naturally occurring antioxidants, usually found ...in fruits and vegetables. Sample preparation for analytical studies is necessary to determine the polyphenolic composition in these matrices. The most widely used extraction system is liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), which is an inexpensive method since it involves the use of organic solvents, but it requires long extraction times, giving rise to possible extract degradation. Likewise, solid-phase extraction (SPE) can be used in liquid samples. Modern techniques, which have been replacing conventional ones, include: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). These alternative techniques reduce considerably the use of solvents and accelerate the extraction process.
Liquid‐liquid extraction is performed in most cases at moderate temperatures to utilize its energy‐efficient advantages. A new concept of a process‐intensified extraction device for liquid‐liquid ...systems at increased temperature and pressure is presented. The design of the extraction device with its new subsystems, such as stirrer and pulsation, including a safety concept, is discussed within this work. Further, a mechanical stability analysis is shown to prove the usability of the extraction device for increased temperature and pressure.
Liquid‐liquid extraction has primarily been performed at ambient conditions to utilize its energy‐efficient advantages. An innovative concept of the process‐intensified liquid‐liquid extraction for increased temperature and pressure is presented which allows the performance of liquid‐liquid extraction under such conditions to gain higher separation efficiencies and throughputs.
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