Anthocyanins have gathered the attention of the scientific community mostly due to their vast range of possible applications. They have been the center point of the research in many different fields, ...among which is food development, where their innate coloring, antioxidant capacity, and biological potential open interesting venues to the development of new food additives and functional foodstuffs. As the range of application grows, so does the necessity to obtain these compounds, and since they are naturally occurring, the most common way to obtain anthocyanins is to extract them from different plant sources, such as fruits and flowers. Several efforts have been made to develop methods that allow for better extraction yields and higher purification rates therefore this review aims to compile the information regarding extraction and purification procedures in a comprehensive manner.
The application of analytical chemistry to the food sector allows the determination of the chemical composition of foods and the properties of their constituents, contributing to the definition of ...their nutritional and commodity value. Furthermore, it is possible to study the chemical modifications that food constituents undergo as a result of the treatments they undergo (food technology). Food analysis, therefore, allows us not only to determine the quality of a product or its nutritional value, but also to reveal adulterations and identify the presence of xenobiotic substances potentially harmful to human health. Furthermore, some foods, especially those of plant origin, contain numerous substances with beneficial effects on health. While these functional compounds can be obtained from a correct diet, they can also be extracted from food matrices for the formulation of nutraceutical products or added to foods by technological or biotechnological means for the production of functional foods. On the other hand, the enormous growth of the food industry over the last 50 years has broadened the field of application of analytical chemistry to encompass not only food but also food technology, which is fundamental for increasing the production of all types of food.
Green extraction techniques in green analytical chemistry Armenta, Sergio; Garrigues, Salvador; Esteve-Turrillas, Francesc A. ...
TrAC, Trends in analytical chemistry (Regular ed.),
July 2019, 2019-07-00, Letnik:
116
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Green analytical chemistry concept, involving the development of analytical methodologies with an environmental concern, encourages the use of direct analysis to avoid any sample treatment that ...involves energy and reagent consumption and generation of wastes. However, the determination of target analytes at trace concentration levels or in complex matrices frequently requires previous extraction, pre-concentration, or clean-up steps offering thus, additional possibilities for greening classical methods. So, a green evaluation of alternative extraction techniques to currently used ones for the extraction of solid, liquid, and gaseous samples has been carried out in this study. Moreover, the incidence of the continuous increase of laboratory plastic ware consumption, employed for sample treatment, has been highlighted and discussed as a new challenge to enhance the sustainability of analytical methods.
•Green extraction placed in the frame of green analytical chemistry.•Miniaturization, automation, energy and consumables saving and on-line waste treatment, as greening strategies.•The problem of single use of plastic consumables enlightened.
The unfavourable impacts of organic solvents on the environmental and human health have increasingly drawn the attention of scientists and technologists for a long run solution. Recently, ionic ...liquids (ILs) have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative of choice to reduce the use of organic solvents. This review covers the data of literature published from 2011 to 2021. Literature search was performed for the relevant journal articles including books, and book chapters using the keywords of ‘ionic liquid’, ‘extraction’, ‘medicinal plants’, ‘essential oil’, ‘waste water treatment’, ‘green extraction technology’ and combination of them. ILs are designer solvents due to their modifiable properties according to the application conditions. Therefore, this review highlights the application of ILs in the extraction and purification of bioactive compounds (glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids and others) and essential oils from plant materials. This includes the use of ILs in the microwave and ultrasound assisted extractions, as well as solid phase extraction. Previous studies reported about 20–35 % of increment in the yield of bioactive compounds with the use of ILs.
•Literature review on articles reporting ionic liquids and their applications.•The applications of ionic liquids in the extraction of bioactive compounds and essential oils.•Ionic liquids as green solvent in various conventional and advanced extraction techniques.
Growing attention to environmental protection leads food industries to adopt a model of “circular economy” applying safe and sustainable technologies to recover, recycle and valorize by-products. ...Therefore, by-products become raw material for other industries. Tomato processing industry produces significant amounts of by-products, consisting of skins and seeds. Tomato skin is very rich in lycopene, and from its seeds, high nutritional oil can be extracted. Alternative use of the two fractions not only could cut disposal costs but also allow one to extract bioactive compounds and an oil with a high nutritional value. This review focused on the recent advance in extraction of lycopene, whose beneficial effects on health are widely recognized.
•Magnetic particles in solid phase extraction for metal determination.•Synthesis, characterization, classification and applications of MPs.•On-line implementation in SIA, LOV and microfluidic ...systems.•Critical evaluation of on-line column packing in MSPE.
The use of magnetic materials in solid phase extraction has received considerable attention in recent years taking into account many advantages arising from the inherent characteristics of magnetic particles. Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) methodology overcomes problems such as column packing and phase separation, which can be easily performed by applying an external magnetic field. The use of magnetic particles in automatic systems is growing over the last few years making the on-line operation of MSPE a promising technique in the frame of green chemistry. This article aims to provide all recent progress in the research of novel magnetic materials as sorbents for metal preconcentration and determination coupled with different detection systems as well as their implementation in sequential injection and microfluidic systems. In addition, a description of preparation, characterization as well as applications of various types of magnetic materials, either with organic or inorganic coating of the magnetic core, is presented. Concluding remarks and future trends are also commented.
Although containing significant levels of phenolic compounds (PCs), leaves biomass coming from either forest, agriculture, or the processing industry are considered as waste, which upon disposal, ...brings in environmental issues. As the demand for PCs in functional food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic sector is escalating day by day, recovering PCs from leaves biomass would solve both the waste disposal problem while ensuring a valuable "societal health" ingredient thus highly contributing to a sustainable food chain from both economic and environmental perspectives. In our search for environmentally benign, efficient, and cost-cutting techniques for the extraction of PCs, green extraction (GE) is presenting itself as the best option in modern industrial processing. This current review aims to highlight the recent progress, constraints, legislative framework, and future directions in GE and characterization of PCs from leaves, concentrating particularly on five plant species (tea, moringa, stevia, sea buckthorn, and pistacia) based on the screened journals that precisely showed improvements in extraction efficiency along with maintaining extract quality. This overview will serve researchers and relevant industries engaged in the development of suitable techniques for the extraction of PCs with increasing yield.
The efficiency of conventional solid-liquid extraction methods to extract C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from given biomass is very low because of the resistance offered by the cell membrane for its ...disruption. The present work aims at developing an efficient protocol for primary extraction of C-PC from dry biomass of Arthrospira platensis. Surfactant (Triton X-100, Tween 20 and Tween 80) and enzyme-assisted (lysozyme) methods were attempted. Process parameters such as incubation time, solid-liquid ratio and surfactant/enzyme concentration were standardized for pre-soaked (120 min) biomass. Enzyme-assisted extraction (at 0.6% enzyme concentration and 16 h incubation) resulted in the highest C-Phycocyanin purity of 1.19 with a satisfactory yield of 82.07 mg/g dry biomass (68.96% extraction efficiency). Among surfactants, Tween 80 (at 0.6% Tween 80 concentration and 50 min incubation) resulted in the highest yield of 71.94 mg/g dry biomass (71.94% extraction efficiency) with a purity of 0.8. Ultrasonication was carried out in combination with these two methods (one at a time) at already standardized conditions to explore the synergy between them. Compared all the methods studied, ultrasonication with enzyme-assisted extraction resulted in the highest C-PC yield of 92.73 mg/g dry biomass (77.92% extraction efficiency) with a purity of 1.09 and was inferred as the best method.
•Enzyme-assisted method was used for extraction of C-Phycocyanin.•Surfactant-assisted method was also used.•These methods were applied in combination with Ultrasonication to achieve synergy.•Combining processes increased C-Phycocyanin yield compared to individual methods.•Yield of 82% with 1.09 purity was achieved by Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic method.
•Salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction in acetonitrile–water mixtures is discussed.•The liquid phase separation and the analytes’ fraction extracted were evaluated.•Carbonate and sulfate ...salts produced higher phase ratios and fractions extracted.•Studies on beer samples corroborated the results obtained in model solutions.
The use of the salting-out effect in analytical chemistry is very diverse and can be applied to increase the volatility of the analytes in headspace extractions, to cause the precipitation of proteins in biological samples or to improve the recoveries in liquid–liquid extractions. In the latter, the salting-out process can be used to create a phase separation between water-miscible organic solvents and water. Salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) is an advantageous sample preparation technique aiming HPLC-UV analysis when developing analytical methodologies. In fact, some new extraction methodologies like QuEChERS include the SALLE concept. This manuscript discusses another point of view over SALLE with particular emphasis over acetonitrile–water mixtures for HPLC-UV analysis; the influence of the salting-out agents, their concentration and the water–acetonitrile volume ratios were the studied parameters. α-dicarbonyl compounds and beer were used as test analytes and test samples, respectively. The influence of the studied parameters was characterized by the obtained phase separation volume ratio and the fraction of α-dicarbonyls extracted to the acetonitrile phase. Results allowed the distribution of salts within three groups according to the phase separation and their extractability: (1) chlorides and acetates, (2) carbonates and sulfates and (3) magnesium sulfate; of all tested salts, sodium chloride had the highest influence on the α-dicarbonyls fraction extracted.
Background: Polyphenols are a set of bioactive compounds commonly found in plants. These compounds are of great interest, as they have shown high antioxidant power and are correlated to many health ...benefits. Hence, traditional methods of extraction such as solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction and novel extraction technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and subcritical water extraction (SWE) have been investigated for the extraction of polyphenols. Scope and Approach: Generally, for traditional extractions, the total phenolic content (TPC) is highest at an extraction temperature of 60–80 °C. For this reason, polyphenols are regularly regarded as heat-labile compounds. However, in many studies that investigated the optimal temperature for subcritical water extraction (SWE), temperatures as high as 100–200 °C have been reported. These SWE extractions showed extremely high yields and antioxidant capacities at these temperatures. This paper aimed to examine the relevant literature to identify and understand the mechanisms behind this discrepancy. Results: Thermal degradation is the most common explanation for the degradation of polyphenols. This may be the case for specific or sub-groups of phenolic acids. The different extraction temperatures may have also impacted the types of polyphenols extracted. At high extraction temperatures, the formation of new compounds known as Maillard reaction products may also influence the extracted polyphenols. The selection of source material for extraction, i.e., the plant matrix, and the effect of extraction conditions, i.e., oxidation and light exposure, are also discussed. The overestimation of total phenolic content by the Folin–Ciocâlteu assay is also discussed. There is also a lack of consensus in TPC’s correlation to antioxidant activity.
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