is a deciduous tree that grows in East Asia, where its raw extracts have long been used in folk medicnes to treat various disorders or diseases. In the current work, extracts from
twigs were studied ...for the first time. Seven individual compounds were isolated from the extracts, including a new galloylflavonol glycoside, namely 8-methoxykaempferol-4′-
-galloyl-3-
-L-rhamnopyranoside (
), and six known phenolics two anomeric galloyltannins (3,4,6-tri-
-galloyl-
-D-glucopyranoside (
) and 2,2′,5-tri-
-galloyl-
-D-hamamelose (
)), one anomeric ellagictannin, pedunculagin (
), one flavonol, kaempferol (
) and two flavonol derivatives (kaempferol-3-
-L-rhamnopyranoside (
) and 8-methoxykaempferol (
)). Structural elucidation of
was conducted mainly on the basis of their spectroscopic ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and physicochemical analysis, as well as by comparison of the analytical data with those in the literature. Compounds
,
,
and
have not yet been reported in the genus
Compound
, a previously undescribed flavonoid, was isolated and elucidated in this work for the first time.
•This collection of short papers share viewpoints on the theme of Harnessing Extractive Industries for Development in sub-Saharan Africa.•It is the output of a workshop by the same name held in June ...2016 at the University of Surrey.•The workshop captured views on extractives-led development and perspectives on the resource-curse that has blighted the region for decades.•This special section introduces and summarises both the workshop and collection of papers.•It aims to help practitioners reach a wider academic audience, stimulate further debate and spark the potential for collaboration.
1) This collection of short papers share viewpoints on the theme of Harnessing Extractive Industries for Development in sub-Saharan Africa. 2) It is the output of a workshop by the same name held in June 2016 at the University of Surrey. 3) The workshop captured views on extractives-led development and perspectives on the resource-curse that has blighted the region for decades. 4) It aimed to help practitioners reach a wider academic audience, stimulate further debate and spark the potential for collaboration. 5) This article introduces and summarises both the workshop and collection of papers in the special section.
The phenolic and tannic composition of heartwood extracts from Prunus avium, commonly known as cherry tree, before and after toasting in cooperage were studied using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS. ...Nonflavonoid (16 compounds) and flavonoid (27 compounds) polyphenols were identified, 12 of them in only a tentative way. The nonflavonoids found were lignin constituents, and their pattern is different compared to oak, since they include compounds such as protocatechuic acid and aldehyde, p-coumaric acid, methyl vanillate, methyl syringate, and benzoic acid, but not ellagic acid, and only a small quantity of gallic acid. In seasoned wood we found a great variety of flavonoid compounds which have not been found in oak wood for cooperage, mainly, in addition to the flavan-3-ols (+)-catechin, a B-type procyanidin dimer, and a B-type procyanidin trimer, the flavanones naringenin, isosakuranetin, and eriodictyol and the flavanonols aromadendrin and taxifolin. Seasoned and toasted cherry wood showed different ratios of flavonoid to nonflavonoid compounds, since toasting results in the degradation of flavonoids, and the formation of nonflavonoids from lignin degradation. On the other hand, the absence of hydrolyzable tannins in cherry wood, which are very important in oak wood, is another particular characteristic of this wood that should be taken into account when considering its use in cooperage.
With considering that in chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP) production process , the wood chips washing pre-treatment is important , so this research was conducted to investigate the effect of ...pre-treatment washing of populous deltoids wood chips on CMP Optical(brightness and opacity) and Strength(tensile and burst indexes) properties. Pre-treatment was accomplished with pure hot water and alkaline solutions (NaOH) at three levels of 0.5, 2 and 3.5 percent too. Pre-treated populous deltoids wood chips and control (chips without washing) were converted to pulp by CMP process. The results of this research indicated that the pretreatment of populous deltoids wood chips with hot water and also alkaline solutions caused wood chips mass and using of these treated chips for pulping caused pulp yield and brightness increscent, pulp strength reduction and also energy consumption increscent. . Removing of some part of chips hemicellulos have negative effect on the pulp refinability and cause pulp strength reduction.
is an edible fern, belonging to the Blechnaceae family and is called kelakai in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The effects of fractions of
stems and isolated constituents on termite mortality and paper ...disc consumption by
have been studied. Treatment of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction on paper discs greatly induced death of
within 6 days. Our phytochemical investigation of
stems led to the isolation of major constituents and 20-hydroxyecdysone exerted the highest termiticidal activity, followed by stenopalustroside A and ajugasterone C. Moreover, the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of synthetic derivatives from 20-hydroxyecdysone and ajugasterone C suggested that a 2,3-diol has considerable effect on their antitermite properties against
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is a recently developing analytical tool and a type of imaging mass spectrometry. TOF-SIMS provides mass spectral information with a lateral ...resolution on the order of submicrons, with widespread applicability. Sometimes, it is described as a surface analysis method without the requirement for sample pretreatment; however, several points need to be taken into account for the complete utilization of the capabilities of TOF-SIMS. In this chapter, we introduce methods for TOF-SIMS sample treatments, as well as basic knowledge of wood samples TOF-SIMS spectral and image data analysis.
The composition of Scots pine bark, its degradation, and the production of hydrolytic and ligninolytic enzymes were evaluated during 90
days of incubation with
Phanerochaete velutina and
Stropharia ...rugosoannulata. The aim was to evaluate if pine bark can be a suitable fungal substrate for bioremediation applications. The original pine bark contained 45% lignin, 25% cellulose, and 15% hemicellulose. Resin acids were the most predominant lipophilic extractives, followed by sitosterol and unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and oleic acids. Both fungi degraded all main components of bark, specially cellulose (79% loss by
P. velutina). During cultivation on pine bark, fungi also degraded sitosterol, produced malic acid, and oxidated unsaturated fatty acids. The most predominant enzymes produced by both fungi were cellulase and manganese peroxidase. The results indicate that Scots pine bark supports enzyme production and provides nutrients to fungi, thus pine bark may be suitable fungal substrate for bioremediation.
This research was carried out to identification and comparison of organically chemical component in the wood / bark extractives Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Three healthy trees were cut down from ...Nowshahr forest and samples were converted into the wood flour. The extractives was prepared with acetone solvent according to TAPPI standard, then transfer to the ballon and then the BSTFA catalyst was added and transfer to the GC / MS injections. Identification of components was done according to the retention time curve, calculation of Kovats correlation and Adams table. Out of 13 components in the bark of Eucalyptus and 18 components in that wood, 2 constituents such as Bis (2 - ethyl hexyl) phthalate and hexadecanoic acid was detected as the same. The most important of chemical component in the bark is (2 _ ethyl hexyl) phthalate (98.72 %). 2 - Pentanone (57.41 %) was important component in the eucalyptus wood .
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